Cell Structure and Function

Study Notes

Plasma Membrane: semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic reactions occur
Nucleus: control center of the cell where DNA is stored
Mitochondria: powerhouses of the cell where energy is produced
Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes
Cytoskeleton: network of filaments that provides structural support and shape

Prokaryotic Cells: lack a true nucleus, typically found in bacteria
- Characteristics: small, simple, and single-celled
Eukaryotic Cells: have a true nucleus, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
- Characteristics: larger, more complex, and can be multicellular

Metabolism: process of converting energy and nutrients into ATP
Growth and Development: increase in cell size and number, leading to tissue formation
Response to Stimuli: ability to react to changes in the environment
Reproduction: production of new cells through cell division
Transportation: movement of molecules and ions across the cell membrane

Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells
Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)

Passive Transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy
- Types: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Active Transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
- Types: carrier proteins, pumps

Plasma membrane is semipermeable, separating the cell from its environment
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic reactions occur
Nucleus is the control center of the cell where DNA is stored
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell where energy is produced
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes
Cytoskeleton is a network of filaments that provides structural support and shape

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and are typically found in bacteria
Characteristics of prokaryotic cells: small, simple, and single-celled
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells: larger, more complex, and can be multicellular

Metabolism is the process of converting energy and nutrients into ATP
Growth and development is the increase in cell size and number, leading to tissue formation
Response to stimuli is the ability to react to changes in the environment
Reproduction is the production of new cells through cell division
Transportation is the movement of molecules and ions across the cell membrane

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells
Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)

Passive transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy
Types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Active transport is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
Types of active transport: carrier proteins, pumps