lecture 7
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of Catanins or Catinons in the coherence structure?

  • Forming links with adjacent cells
  • Anchoring the transmembrane component
  • Enabling the structure to interact with extracellular elements
  • Aiding in the interaction with cytoskeletal elements within the cell (correct)

    • What is the role of the multi-cadherent structure outside of the cell?

  • Forming links with adjacent cells
  • Enabling the structure to interact with extracellular elements (correct)
  • Anchoring the transmembrane component
  • Interacting with intracellular domain of the coherence structure

    • What is the function of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma in the coherence structure?

  • Anchoring the transmembrane component
  • Enabling the structure to interact with extracellular elements
  • Acting as a bridge between different cells (correct)
  • Interacting with intracellular domain of the coherence structure

    • What is the relationship between the number of coherents and surface tension?

    <p>The higher the number of coherents, the higher the surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amount of pkadherin in red cells compare to the amount in green cells?

    <p>Red cells have higher amounts of pkadherin than green cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario do the green cells and red cells almost randomly form a mosaic amongst each other?

    <p>When the number of Ecoherein in green and red cells is equivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key component of the extracellular matrix mentioned in the text?

    <p>Heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cell signalling pathways, what can lead to the activation of a transcription factor?

    <p>Phosphorylation of transcription factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Morphogen in the cell signalling cascade described in the text?

    <p>Formation of a tissue identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cartilage growth before birth?

    <p>It stops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does perturbing receptors or cell signaling molecules affect development?

    <p>It can have profound developmental consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key consequences of perturbing developmental pathways?

    <p>Both profound and subtle developmental consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hedgehog signaling pathway?

    <p>To mediate proper development of structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to mRNA in the cytoplasm after it is transcribed from the nucleus?

    <p>It is ready for translation by ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key modifications necessary to ensure that the morphogen is in an active form?

    <p>N and C terminus modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when cells are exposed to intermediate concentrations of morphogen?

    <p>They activate a different set of genes and inhibit the genes induced at higher concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a cell will express goosecoid, Xbra, or neither gene?

    <p>A threshold value based on the concentration of Activin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high concentrations of Activin on gene expression in cells?

    <p>They activate Xbra but inhibit goosecoid expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibronectin in the Xenopus embryo?

    <p>It orients the movements of the mesodermal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of integrins in the fibronectin receptor complex?

    <p>Mediating interactions between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the amount of cadherin molecules on cell membranes in morphogenesis?

    <p>It causes sorting based on cadherin number between cells expressing different cadherin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Xbra inhibiting the expression of goosecoid?

    <p>Formation of a distinct boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the developing chick shows the presence of Fgf8 protein?

    <p>In the optic vesicle of the developing eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in the activation of the RTK signal transduction pathway by fibroblast growth factor?

    <p>Causing dimerization of RTKs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Swim in the diffusion of Wingless (Wg) in Drosophila wings?

    <p>Stabilizing Wg and enhancing its diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is crucial for the regulation of Wnt signaling pathways?

    <p>Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In TGF-β superfamily signaling, what is responsible for the activation of the Smad pathway?

    <p>Different TGF-beta ligands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the absence of Swim have on the diffusion of Wingless (Wg) in Drosophila wings?

    <p>Wg does not disperse and is confined to specific cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is mentioned as enhancing the diffusion of Wingless (Wg) in Drosophila wings?

    <p>Swim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is critical for the regulation of TGF-β superfamily ligands' effect on Smad pathway activation?

    <p>Phosphorylation of different Smads</p> Signup and view all the answers

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