lecture 7
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of Catanins or Catinons in the coherence structure?

  • Forming links with adjacent cells
  • Anchoring the transmembrane component
  • Enabling the structure to interact with extracellular elements
  • Aiding in the interaction with cytoskeletal elements within the cell (correct)

What is the role of the multi-cadherent structure outside of the cell?

  • Forming links with adjacent cells
  • Enabling the structure to interact with extracellular elements (correct)
  • Anchoring the transmembrane component
  • Interacting with intracellular domain of the coherence structure

What is the function of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma in the coherence structure?

  • Anchoring the transmembrane component
  • Enabling the structure to interact with extracellular elements
  • Acting as a bridge between different cells (correct)
  • Interacting with intracellular domain of the coherence structure

What is the relationship between the number of coherents and surface tension?

<p>The higher the number of coherents, the higher the surface tension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the amount of pkadherin in red cells compare to the amount in green cells?

<p>Red cells have higher amounts of pkadherin than green cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario do the green cells and red cells almost randomly form a mosaic amongst each other?

<p>When the number of Ecoherein in green and red cells is equivalent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key component of the extracellular matrix mentioned in the text?

<p>Heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cell signalling pathways, what can lead to the activation of a transcription factor?

<p>Phosphorylation of transcription factor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Morphogen in the cell signalling cascade described in the text?

<p>Formation of a tissue identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cartilage growth before birth?

<p>It stops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does perturbing receptors or cell signaling molecules affect development?

<p>It can have profound developmental consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key consequences of perturbing developmental pathways?

<p>Both profound and subtle developmental consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hedgehog signaling pathway?

<p>To mediate proper development of structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to mRNA in the cytoplasm after it is transcribed from the nucleus?

<p>It is ready for translation by ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key modifications necessary to ensure that the morphogen is in an active form?

<p>N and C terminus modifications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when cells are exposed to intermediate concentrations of morphogen?

<p>They activate a different set of genes and inhibit the genes induced at higher concentrations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a cell will express goosecoid, Xbra, or neither gene?

<p>A threshold value based on the concentration of Activin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high concentrations of Activin on gene expression in cells?

<p>They activate Xbra but inhibit goosecoid expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fibronectin in the Xenopus embryo?

<p>It orients the movements of the mesodermal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of integrins in the fibronectin receptor complex?

<p>Mediating interactions between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the amount of cadherin molecules on cell membranes in morphogenesis?

<p>It causes sorting based on cadherin number between cells expressing different cadherin proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of Xbra inhibiting the expression of goosecoid?

<p>Formation of a distinct boundary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the developing chick shows the presence of Fgf8 protein?

<p>In the optic vesicle of the developing eye (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in the activation of the RTK signal transduction pathway by fibroblast growth factor?

<p>Causing dimerization of RTKs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Swim in the diffusion of Wingless (Wg) in Drosophila wings?

<p>Stabilizing Wg and enhancing its diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is crucial for the regulation of Wnt signaling pathways?

<p>Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In TGF-β superfamily signaling, what is responsible for the activation of the Smad pathway?

<p>Different TGF-beta ligands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the absence of Swim have on the diffusion of Wingless (Wg) in Drosophila wings?

<p>Wg does not disperse and is confined to specific cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is mentioned as enhancing the diffusion of Wingless (Wg) in Drosophila wings?

<p>Swim (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is critical for the regulation of TGF-β superfamily ligands' effect on Smad pathway activation?

<p>Phosphorylation of different Smads (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers
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