Cell Signalling and Insulin Signalling Pathway

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What is the role of PIP3 in insulin signalling?

It phosphorylates and activates PKB

It recruits AKT/PKB to the membrane and binds to the pH domain where it is activated (correct)

It inhibits glycogen synthase kinase

It triggers the translocation of glucose transporter containing vesicles to the cell membrane

What is the effect of PKB on glycogen synthase kinase?

It phosphorylates and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase (correct)

It has no effect on glycogen synthase kinase

It dephosphorylates glycogen synthase kinase

It activates glycogen synthase kinase

What is the role of FOXO1 in insulin signalling?

It dephosphorylates and inhibits glycogen synthase

It phosphorylates and inhibits PKB

It is dephosphorylated and enters the nucleus to downregulate genes involved in gluconeogenesis (correct)

It phosphorylates and activates glycogen synthase

What is the effect of insulin signalling on glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle?

It increases glycogen synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of SNARE proteins in insulin signalling?

They are involved in the translocation of glucose transporter containing vesicles to the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in adipose tissue?

It increases lipid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of PKB on glycogen synthase?

It dephosphorylates and activates glycogen synthase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in glucose homeostasis?

Inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis Signup and view all the answers

What type of transporter is responsible for glucose uptake in the brain and other organs?

Glut1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of AKT in insulin signalling?

Phosphorylating and activating the mTOR complex Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin signalling regulate gene expression?

Through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin signalling on ageing?

Insulin signalling promotes ageing Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin receptors in insulin signalling?

To amplify the insulin signal through phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin signalling in growth control?

Regulation of cell size and proliferation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the phosphorylation of multiple additional sites in the cytosolic parts of the receptors in RTK signaling?

To create high-affinity docking sites for intracellular signaling proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the phosphotyrosine-binding domain in intracellular signaling proteins?

To recognize and bind to specific phosphorylated sites on the receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the activation of the insulin receptor?

The activation of the tyrosine kinase and phosphorylation of IRS Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of PI3K in the insulin signaling pathway?

To convert PIP2 to PIP3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the inactive insulin receptor?

A monomer with two intracellular and two extracellular domains Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the binding of insulin or other agonists to the insulin receptor?

The autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the disordered regions outside the kinase domain in RTK signaling?

To provide a docking site for signaling proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of second messengers on gene expression?

Regulation of target transcription factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Signaling through ligand binding and autophosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ligand binding on receptor tyrosine kinases?

Dimerization and activation of kinase domain Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of phosphotyrosine docking sites?

Binding of signaling proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinases?

High affinity for ligands Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of second messengers on post-translational modifications?

Regulation of phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of receptor tyrosine kinases in development?

Regulation of embryonic development Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of autophosphorylation on receptor tyrosine kinases?

Activation of kinase activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of diacylglycerol (DAG) in signaling pathways?

Activation of protein kinase C Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are involved in the insulin signalling pathway?

Receptor tyrosine kinases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ligands in cellular signalling pathways?

To bind to cell surface receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of ligand-bound receptors in cellular signalling pathways?

Conformational change occurs, activating second messengers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a ligand?

RNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of second messengers in cellular signalling pathways?

To activate downstream signalling cascades Signup and view all the answers

In the context of insulin signalling, what is the primary organ responsible for regulating glucose uptake?

Muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate outcome of signal transduction in cellular signalling pathways?

Gene expression regulation Signup and view all the answers