30 Questions
What percentage of patients who develop T1DM carry a DR3, DR4, DQ2, or DQ8 haplotype?
90%
What is the location of the INS gene associated with T1DM?
Chr 11
What is associated with increased risk of T2DM?
Class III allele
What is believed to affect the transcription of the insulin gene?
Repeat region
What is a potential environmental factor in the development of T1DM?
Exposure to viruses and other infections during childhood
What is a characteristic of the HLA-DRB1 gene?
It has 1540 alleles
What percentage of Australians have type 2 diabetes?
85%
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?
Carrying the 'T' SNP
What is the primary function of GLUT2 in beta cells?
To transport glucose into the beta cell
What is the result of an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio in beta cells?
Closure of ATP-gated K+ channels
What percentage of pregnant women develop gestational diabetes?
10%
What is the global prevalence of diabetes?
415 million
Which of the following is a common environmental factor associated with an increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Poor diet and lack of exercise
Which of the following genetic factors is primarily associated with Native American population in the context of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
ABCA1
In the context of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, which of the following statements is true regarding gene x environment interactions?
Modification of environmental factors can influence disease susceptibility
What cellular pathway alteration is most strongly linked to an increased susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin signaling pathways
Which of the following factors is NOT commonly associated with an elevated risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Genetic protective variants
In the context of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, which of the following genetic risk allele categories is highly correlated with beta cell function and insulin action?
Genes related to insulin action and beta cell function
What triggers the secretion of insulin via exocytosis?
Increase in intracellular calcium concentration
Which of the following is a risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Lack of physical activity
What is the role of genetic variation in the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Combinations of common gene variants may increase or decrease the risk
What cellular event results in the translocation of GLUT4 transporters to the cell membrane?
Phosphorylation of beta subunits
Which of the following ethnicities is associated with an increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
African American descent
What role do environmental factors play in the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise can influence risk
What is the primary function of the gene product of GCK in beta cells?
Catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing gestational diabetes?
Previous history of gestational diabetes
What is the mechanism by which hormones affect insulin in gestational diabetes?
Hormones affect insulin action, leading to high blood glucose levels
What is the function of HNF1A in pancreatic cells?
Transcription factor, regulating insulin secretion
What is the effect of HNF1A mutations on β-cell function?
Decreased β-cell mass and proliferation rate
What is the approximate percentage of all diabetes cases accounted for by Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)?
0.6-2%
Test your knowledge on the insulin signaling pathway, from insulin binding to the insulin receptor to the translocation of GLUT4 transporters. Learn how intracellular calcium concentration triggers insulin secretion via exocytosis.
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