Questions and Answers
What happens to cells when nutrition is restricted?
What is ischemia?
A condition of decreased blood flow to tissues.
Most cells of the body are efficient.
True
What is hypertrophy?
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What is one common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy?
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What is disuse atrophy?
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The increase in cell number is termed _____.
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Match the type of atrophy with its description:
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What is metaplasia?
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Muscle cells can undergo mitotic division.
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Study Notes
Cell Response to Stress, Injury, & Aging
- Inadequate nutrition triggers cellular atrophy, facilitating survival with limited resources.
- Cell efficiency: Most cells are capable of remarkable adaptability when faced with increased demands, such as size increase or proliferation.
- Cells can exhibit reversible changes in response to adverse conditions through gene expression modulation.
- Adaptations may involve changes in cell size, number, and differentiation into different cell types.
- If stressors are insurmountable, cells may undergo apoptosis or necrosis, leading to cell death.
Atrophy
- Atrophy refers to a reduction in cell size, impacting the overall size of organs or tissues.
- Advantages of atrophy include decreased oxygen consumption and resource utilization due to smaller and fewer organelles.
- Common types of atrophy include disuse atrophy (muscle cells affected by immobility or casting) and denervation atrophy (loss of nerve stimulation).
Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy is the increase in organ or tissue size due to heightened demand, primarily observed in muscle tissues like cardiac and skeletal muscles.
- Normal physiological hypertrophy occurs with increased workload, such as from exercise.
- Adaptive hypertrophy is seen when there is a thickening of an organ, e.g., urinary bladder due to outflow obstruction.
- Compensatory hypertrophy can occur, e.g., the enlargement of one kidney following the removal of another.
Hyperplasia and Related Terms
- Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number, typically in organs capable of mitotic division, excluding muscle cells and neurons.
- Metaplasia is characterized by the reversible transformation from one cell type to another.
- Dysplasia signifies deranged cell growth, resulting in abnormal cell shapes, sizes, and organization.
Hormonal Influence on Atrophy and Hypertrophy
- Hormonal changes can significantly impact tissue and organ size, notably:
- Decreased estrogen levels, such as during menopause, can lead to breast and reproductive organ atrophy.
- Testosterone abuse may cause testicular atrophy.
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Description
This quiz explores how cells respond to stress, injury, and aging with a focus on inadequate nutrition. Learn about cellular atrophy, ischemia, and the efficiency of cells in adapting to their internal environments. Test your understanding of these critical biological processes.
