Cell Respiration and ATP Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the substrates used in anaerobic respiration in humans?

  • Fats and amino acids
  • Lipids and proteins
  • Glucose and other sugars (correct)
  • Sugars and oxygen

    • What is the primary waste product of anaerobic respiration in human cells?

  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • Lactate (lactic acid) (correct)

    • How much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?

  • 30-32 ATP (correct)
  • 15 ATP
  • 8 ATP
  • 2 ATP

    • In which part of the cell does anaerobic respiration occur in humans?

    <p>Cytoplasm only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured in a respirometer to determine the rate of cell respiration?

    <p>Oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important that ATP is unable to diffuse through cell membranes?

    <p>It prevents ATP from leaking out of the cell and ensures controlled energy distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cell respiration?

    <p>To break down glucose and release energy in the form of ATP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ATP?

    <p>Easily diffuses through cell membranes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes does NOT require ATP?

    <p>Passive diffusion of oxygen across a membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between ventilation and cell respiration?

    <p>Ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs, while cell respiration is the process of releasing energy from glucose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of anabolism?

    <p>Synthesis of a polypeptide chain from amino acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the chemical reaction ADP + phosphate + energy → ATP + H2O?

    <p>This reaction generates ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP, requiring energy from various sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the fact that cell respiration happens inside every living cell?

    <p>It facilitates the breakdown of glucose to release energy in the form of ATP, providing energy for all life processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Aerobic Respiration

    Cell respiration that requires oxygen and produces a large yield of ATP.

    Anaerobic Respiration

    Cell respiration that occurs without oxygen and generates a small amount of ATP.

    ATP Yield Comparison

    Aerobic respiration yields 30-32 ATP, while anaerobic yields only 2 ATP.

    Respirometer

    A device used to measure the rate of cell respiration through oxygen usage.

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    Waste Products

    Aerobic respiration produces CO2 and water, anaerobic produces lactate.

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    ATP

    A nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, serving as the energy currency in cells.

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    Properties of ATP

    ATP is chemically stable, water-soluble, and cannot pass through cell membranes, allowing controlled energy release.

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    Conversion of ATP to ADP

    Energy is released when ATP is converted to ADP by removing one phosphate group.

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    Regeneration of ATP

    ADP can be converted back to ATP by adding a phosphate group, requiring energy from sources like sunlight or food.

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    Cellular processes requiring ATP

    Processes include active transport, macromolecule synthesis, and cell movement, requiring ATP for energy.

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    Respiration

    A metabolic process where carbon compounds are oxidized to produce ATP, primarily using glucose and fatty acids.

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    Hydrolysis reaction

    The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and releasing energy, involving the addition of a water molecule.

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    Condensation reaction

    A process in which ADP and phosphate combine with energy to form ATP, producing water as a byproduct.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Respiration

    • ATP is the basic energy currency in cells, similar to money in countries
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide with adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
    • ATP is chemically stable at neutral pH, soluble in water, and controls movement within cells. It releases energy (by removing a phosphate group).
    • ATP can be easily regenerated by adding a phosphate group to ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
    • ATP is used in many cellular processes, such as active transport and synthesis of macromolecules
    • ATP conversions: ATP → ADP + phosphate + energy; ADP + phosphate + energy → ATP + H₂O

    Cellular Processes Requiring ATP

    • Four examples are active transport, synthesis of macromolecules (anabolism), movement of cell components (mitosis and meiosis), and movement of the whole cell (cell motility).

    Converting Between ATP and ADP

    • ATP and ADP are interchangeable
    • Converting ATP to ADP releases energy
    • Adding a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP requires energy that may come from various sources like sunlight, food oxidation and other phosphate group transfers.
    • Conversion from ADP to ATP is a phosphorylation reaction; a condensation reaction as water is created.
    • Converting ATP to ADP is a hydrolysis reaction; a water molecule is broken down

    Respiration as a System for Producing ATP

    • Respiration is a metabolic process where carbon compounds are oxidized to create ATP.
    • Glucose and fatty acids are primary substrates
    • Respiration occurs in all living cells
    • Respiration is different from ventilation and gas exchange
    • Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of lungs, and gas exchange is the swapping of gases at a surface where an organism interacts with its environment.

    Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Cell Respiration in Humans

    • Aerobic Respiration: Uses oxygen, utilizes sugars/lipids as substrates, produces a large yield of ATP (30-32 per glucose molecule), releases CO₂ and water as byproducts, and occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria
    • Anaerobic Respiration: Does not use oxygen, utilizes glucose and other sugars as substrates, produces a small yield of ATP (2 per glucose molecule), produces lactate (lactic acid) as a byproduct, and occurs only in the cytoplasm.
    • Example simple word equations for aerobic and anaerobic resp are given in the document.

    Investigating the Rate of Cell Respiration

    • Respirometers measure the rate of cell respiration
    • The respirometer absorbs oxygen and releases CO₂ .
    • Absorbtion of O₂ and release of CO₂ can be used to calculate the rate of cellular respiration.
    • Potassium hydroxide is used to absorb CO₂ produced
    • Temperature plays a role in air pressure changes, and should be controlled for accurate results. Respiration rate is usually measured as O2 consumption or CO2 release per unit time.

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    Related Documents

    C1.2 Cell Respiration PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential roles of ATP in cell respiration and various cellular processes. This quiz covers ATP's structure, its conversion to ADP, and its involvement in active transport and macromolecule synthesis. Test your understanding of how ATP functions as the energy currency of cells.

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