Cell Organelles Function and Types

Nucleus: Control center of the cell; stores genetic information and coordinates activities like growth and reproduction.
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; responsible for energy (ATP) production through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis; can be free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins for export or membrane incorporation.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes; break down waste materials and cellular debris.
Chloroplasts (in plants): Sites of photosynthesis; convert solar energy into chemical energy (glucose).

Membrane-bound Organelles: Surrounded by lipid membranes (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts).
Non-membrane-bound Organelles: Not enclosed by membranes (e.g., ribosomes, cytoskeleton).

Nucleus: Double membrane (nuclear envelope) with nuclear pores; contains chromatin and nucleolus.
Mitochondria: Double membrane; inner membrane is folded into cristae; contains its own DNA.
Ribosomes: Composed of rRNA and proteins; consist of two subunits (large and small).
ER: Network of membranous tubules and sacs; continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Golgi Apparatus: Stacked, flattened membranous sacs (cisternae); has cis and trans faces for processing.
Lysosomes: Membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes; acidic interior for digestion.
Chloroplasts: Double membrane; contain thylakoids organized into stacks (grana) and stroma with DNA.

Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins; Rough ER modifies proteins; Golgi apparatus packages them.
Energy Production: Mitochondria conduct cellular respiration; convert glucose to ATP.
Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy; produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
Digestion and Waste Processing: Lysosomes digest macromolecules; recycle cellular components.

Nucleus and Ribosomes: Nucleus synthesizes mRNA; ribosomes use mRNA to build proteins.
ER and Golgi Apparatus: Proteins synthesized in the ER are transported to Golgi for modification and sorting.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Both organelles have their own DNA; involved in energy transformation processes.
Lysosomes and Other Organelles: Lysosomes fuse with vesicles containing cellular debris or pathogens for degradation.
Cytoskeleton and Organelles: Cytoskeleton provides structural support; aids in the transport of organelles within the cell.

Nucleus: Acts as the cell's control center; responsible for storing genetic information and managing cellular functions such as growth and reproduction.
Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouses of the cell; essential for ATP production via cellular respiration, converting nutrients into usable energy.
Ribosomes: Function as sites for protein synthesis; can exist freely in the cytoplasm or be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, indicating varying roles in protein production.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Characterized by ribosome presence; primarily synthesizes proteins intended for export outside the cell or for insertion into membranes.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; focuses on lipid synthesis and detoxifying harmful metabolic byproducts.
Golgi Apparatus: Serves as a hub for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or distribution to other organelles.
Lysosomes: Contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest waste materials and recycle cellular debris, playing a crucial role in cellular cleanup.
Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells; are the sites of photosynthesis, transforming solar energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Membrane-bound Organelles: Enclosed by lipid membranes, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and chloroplasts.
Non-membrane-bound Organelles: Not encapsulated by membranes; primarily ribosomes and the cytoskeleton.

Nucleus: Enclosed by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope, which features nuclear pores; contains chromatin and a nucleolus.
Mitochondria: Composed of a double membrane, with the inner membrane folded into structures called cristae; contains its own genetic material.
Ribosomes: Made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins; form two subunits (large and small) crucial for their protein synthesis role.
ER: Formed by a network of membranous tubules and sacs that are interconnected and continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Golgi Apparatus: Comprises stacked, flattened membrane sacs called cisternae, with distinct cis and trans faces facilitating protein processing.
Lysosomes: Vesicles that are membrane-bound and contain hydrolytic enzymes; operate best in an acidic environment conducive for digestion.
Chloroplasts: Surrounded by a double membrane; contain thylakoids stacked into grana and stroma, also housing their own DNA.

Protein Synthesis: Involves ribosomes translating mRNA into proteins, with subsequent modification in the Rough ER and packaging in the Golgi apparatus for delivery.
Energy Production: Mitochondria engage in cellular respiration, converting glucose into ATP, essential for cellular energy needs.
Photosynthesis: Occurs in chloroplasts, where light energy is transformed into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
Digestion and Waste Processing: Lysosomes digest macromolecules and recycle cellular components, maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Nucleus and Ribosomes: The nucleus produces mRNA, which is transported to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
ER and Golgi Apparatus: Following protein synthesis in the ER, proteins are sent to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and sorting.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Both possess their own DNA and play key roles in energy transformation processes within the cell.
Lysosomes and Other Organelles: Lysosomes can fuse with vesicles to degrade cellular debris or pathogens, ensuring cellular integrity.
Cytoskeleton and Organelles: The cytoskeleton offers structural support and facilitates organelle transport, maintaining cellular organization.