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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
Lysosomes are responsible for lipid synthesis.
Lysosomes are responsible for lipid synthesis.
False
What structures in plant cells are responsible for photosynthesis?
What structures in plant cells are responsible for photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
The ______ is the control center of the cell that isolates DNA.
The ______ is the control center of the cell that isolates DNA.
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Match the cell organelles with their functions:
Match the cell organelles with their functions:
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What structure wraps around the plasma membrane in plant cells?
What structure wraps around the plasma membrane in plant cells?
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Bacteria are classified as eukaryotic cells.
Bacteria are classified as eukaryotic cells.
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What happens to the rate of reaction when all the enzymes are saturated?
What happens to the rate of reaction when all the enzymes are saturated?
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Enzymes can still function properly beyond their optimum temperature without any change.
Enzymes can still function properly beyond their optimum temperature without any change.
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What is the term for molecules that bind to enzymes and help them to catalyze reactions?
What is the term for molecules that bind to enzymes and help them to catalyze reactions?
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The __________ temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme performs optimally.
The __________ temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme performs optimally.
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Match the following types of enzyme inhibitors with their characteristics:
Match the following types of enzyme inhibitors with their characteristics:
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What is the term used for a carbon compound that has the carbonyl group at the end of the molecule?
What is the term used for a carbon compound that has the carbonyl group at the end of the molecule?
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Amino groups are considered weak acids because they can donate H+ ions to solutions.
Amino groups are considered weak acids because they can donate H+ ions to solutions.
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What are organic molecules containing amino groups called?
What are organic molecules containing amino groups called?
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The primary function of the phosphate group is to act as an __________ agent.
The primary function of the phosphate group is to act as an __________ agent.
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Match the following groups with their properties:
Match the following groups with their properties:
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Which of the following is an example of a ketone?
Which of the following is an example of a ketone?
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Glycine is the simplest amino acid and contains a phosphate group.
Glycine is the simplest amino acid and contains a phosphate group.
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What is the role of the lone valence electron on the nitrogen in amino groups?
What is the role of the lone valence electron on the nitrogen in amino groups?
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The __________ group is common to all amino acids.
The __________ group is common to all amino acids.
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Which of the following monosaccharides is known as blood sugar?
Which of the following monosaccharides is known as blood sugar?
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All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula but different structures.
All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula but different structures.
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What are the sugar components of DNA?
What are the sugar components of DNA?
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Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose are classified based on the position of their ______ group.
Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose are classified based on the position of their ______ group.
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Match the monosaccharides with their sources or characteristics:
Match the monosaccharides with their sources or characteristics:
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What is the chemical formula for ribose?
What is the chemical formula for ribose?
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In a dry state, monosaccharides exist in a ring structure.
In a dry state, monosaccharides exist in a ring structure.
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Explain the term isomer in the context of glucose and galactose.
Explain the term isomer in the context of glucose and galactose.
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α-glucose has the hydroxyl group located ______ the ring structure.
α-glucose has the hydroxyl group located ______ the ring structure.
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Which of the following is classified as a hexose sugar?
Which of the following is classified as a hexose sugar?
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Which of the following statements about α-glucose and β-glucose is true?
Which of the following statements about α-glucose and β-glucose is true?
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Disaccharides are formed through a hydrolysis reaction.
Disaccharides are formed through a hydrolysis reaction.
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What are the three important disaccharides mentioned?
What are the three important disaccharides mentioned?
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The storage form of glucose in humans is called ______.
The storage form of glucose in humans is called ______.
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Match the following disaccharides with their components:
Match the following disaccharides with their components:
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Which of the following characteristics is true for polysaccharides?
Which of the following characteristics is true for polysaccharides?
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Cellulose serves as a storage carbohydrate in plants.
Cellulose serves as a storage carbohydrate in plants.
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What are the two forms of starch?
What are the two forms of starch?
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During dehydration reactions, a molecule of ______ is removed.
During dehydration reactions, a molecule of ______ is removed.
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Which polysaccharide is primarily found in plants and serves as a storage molecule?
Which polysaccharide is primarily found in plants and serves as a storage molecule?
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Study Notes
Unit 1: Biochemistry
- This unit covers the fundamental concepts of biochemistry.
- It explores the structure and function of various cell structures.
- Different cell types in the body are discussed, including stem cells, bone cells, blood cells, muscle cells, fat cells, skin cells, nerve cells, endothelial cells, sex cells, pancreatic cells, and cancer cells.
Cell Structures
- Cells are composed of organelles and cytoplasm.
- Phospholipid bilayer is the main component of cell membranes.
- The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates the passage of substances in and out.
- Components of cell membranes include phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, and glycoproteins.
- Integral and peripheral proteins are embedded in the membrane.
The Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse of the cell."
- They are cigar-shaped organelles with inner mitochondrial membranes called cristae.
- They are vital for cell energy production by producing ATP.
- Mitochondria contain their own DNA (mDNA) and ribosomes, allowing them to self-replicate.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected tubes beginning at the nucleus.
- Rough ER has ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER engages in lipid synthesis.
Nucleus
- The nucleus serves as the control center of the cell, isolating DNA.
- It is enclosed by the nuclear envelope—a double lipid bilayer with pores.
- The nucleolus is a structure within the nucleus involved in ribosome production.
- Chromosomes, made of chromatin, store genetic information.
Golgi Body
- The Golgi body processes proteins and packages them into vesicles.
- It also manages cell waste, secreting excess materials.
Vesicles (Lysosomes & Peroxisomes)
- Lysosomes are the digestive system of animal cells. They contain enzymes that break down or digest cellular waste.
- Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes, also containing enzymes and responsible for breaking down fatty acids and toxins.
Chloroplast
- Chloroplasts contain a double membrane, and the stroma (fluid inside).
- They carry out photosynthesis, using sunlight to create food (ATP).
Vacuole
- Vacuoles are involved in storing food and water in cells.
Cell Wall
- A cell wall envelops the cell membrane.
- Cell walls are found in plant cells, protists, and fungi.
- It protects and supports the cell.
Centrioles
- Centrioles help cells with cell division.
Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers.
- It provides cell shape, organelle support, and enables cell movement.
Flagella and Cilia
- These hair-like extensions aid in cell movement.
- Structures are composed of microtubules.
Bacteria
- Prokaryotic cells—the smallest and simplest cell type.
- DNA is clustered within the cytoplasm in Bacteria.
- They are characterized by a cell wall and flagella (some).
Water
- A polar molecule formed by covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
- Water exhibits unique properties, including cohesion, adhesion, and being a universal solvent.
- Properties also include high heat capacity and heat of vaporization, and highest density at 4 degrees Celsius.
- Water molecules adhere to each other, forming surface tension.
Important Molecules in Biochemistry
- Organic molecules are largely composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other elements like nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus.
- These compounds comprise covalent or polar covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbons
- These organic molecules consist solely of carbon and hydrogen.
- They are frequently found in fuels.
- Different types of hydrocarbons include straight chained, branched and ring structures.
Functional Groups
- Many organic molecules contain functional groups, attached to a carbon backbone.
- These groups impact the structure and function of the molecules.
- Examples include hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl.
Important Reactions in Biochemistry
- Redox reactions involve electron transfer.
- One compound lose electrons (oxidized) while another gains electrons (reduced).
- Dehydration Synthesis occurs when monomers join to form polymers, removing a water molecule in the process.
- Hydrolysis occurs when water is added to break down polymers.
- Neutralization involves acids and bases combining to form water and a salt.
Electron Carriers
- Electron carriers shuttle high-energy electrons during biochemical pathways.
- NAD+ is the oxidizing form, and NADH is the reducing form.
Biological Molecules
- Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are four primary groups of organic molecules.
- These groups are comprised of various monomers, combined to form different polymers.
Other
- Practice questions are included in the slides about determining functional groups.
- The slides include the descriptions of the types of reactions that comprise and break down components in cells, in particular the types of reactions that contribute and/or separate to the formation of a protein.
- A summary of types of lipids are detailed in the study slides which also includes descriptions of the structures of proteins.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cell organelles, their functions, and the role of enzymes in biological reactions. This quiz covers key concepts in cell biology including the structure and function of mitochondria, lysosomes, and the significance of enzymes. Evaluate your understanding of plant versus animal cell components and enzyme activity.
