Cell Organelles and Functions
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Cell Organelles and Functions

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Questions and Answers

What part of the cell is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

What two parts of the cell should the Smooth ER be connected to?

Rough ER and Nuclear Membrane

What part of the cell is Cytosol?

Cytosol

What part of the cell is Vacuole?

<p>Vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Centrioles?

<p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Microvilli?

<p>Microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)?

<p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Ribosomes?

<p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Plasma Membrane?

<p>Plasma Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Peroxisome?

<p>Peroxisome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Pores?

<p>Pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Chromatin?

<p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Nucleolus?

<p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Golgi Apparatus?

<p>Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Nuclear Membrane?

<p>Nuclear Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Mitochondria?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Lysosome?

<p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is polarity important?

<p>It allows for the efficiency of cell organelles without using excess energy because they are in specific locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Microvilli and what does it do?

<p>Microvilli; it increases the surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Tight Junction and what does it do?

<p>Tight Junction; it prevents fluid from seeping between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is Desmosomes and what does it do?

<p>Desmosomes; it anchors cells to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Basement Membrane?

<p>It anchors cells in a tissue to a substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when cells have polarity?

<p>It means that they have two distinct regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the cell are proteins located?

<p>The bottom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell function(s) does the presence of microvilli typically indicate?

<p>Increasing the surface area for absorption and secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell junction forms an impermeable barrier?

<p>Tight Junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell junction is an anchoring junction?

<p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which junction has linker (root-like) proteins spanning the intercellular space?

<p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell junction provides a tunnel for communication between cells and what is its function?

<p>Gap Junction; it allows direct communication between adjacent cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of membrane junctions would you expect to find between cells of the heart?

<p>Gap Junctions and Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cytoskeletal element gives the cell its shape?

<p>Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cytoskeletal element resists tension placed on a cell?

<p>Intermediate Filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cytoskeletal element radiate from the cell center?

<p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cytoskeletal element is involved in moving intracellular structures?

<p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cytoskeletal element is most stable?

<p>Intermediate Filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cytoskeletal element has the thickest diameter?

<p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell organelle is abundant in the cell lining the small intestine that assembles fats?

<p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell organelle is abundant in white blood cells that act as phagocytes?

<p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell organelle is abundant in liver cells that detoxify carcinogens?

<p>Peroxisomes and Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell organelle is abundant in muscle cells (contractile cells)?

<p>Microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell organelle is abundant in mucus-secreting cells that secrete a protein product?

<p>Golgi Apparatus and Rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell organelle is abundant in cells at the external skin surface that withstands friction and tension?

<p>Intermediate Filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell organelle is abundant in kidney tubule cells that make and use large amounts of ATP?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will Glucose do in a semipermeable sac that is permeable to all substances except albumin?

<p>Moves into the sac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will Water do in a semipermeable sac that is permeable to all substances except albumin?

<p>Moves out of the sac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will Albumin do in a semipermeable sac that is permeable to all substances except albumin?

<p>Does not move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will NaCl do in a semipermeable sac that is permeable to all substances except albumin?

<p>Moves into the sac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What region does water move into?

<p>Water moves in the region that is hypertonic or has a higher percentage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you determine the hypertonic region?

<p>Add percentages in order to determine the region that is hypertonic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance(s) move passively through the lipid part of the membrane?

<p>Steroids, oxygen, water, fat, and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance(s) enters the cell by attachment to a passive protein transport protein carrier?

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance(s) move passively through the membrane by moving through its channel pores?

<p>Water, Chlorine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance(s) would have to use a solute pump to be transported through the membrane?

<p>Sodium, Potassium, amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the engulfment process that requires ATP?

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is driven by a concentration gradient?

<p>Diffusion, Simple and Diffusion, Osmosis and Facilitated Diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is driven by hydrostatic (fluid) pressure (typically blood pressure in the body)?

<p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What moves down a concentration gradient?

<p>Diffusion, Simple and Diffusion, Osmosis and Facilitated Diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What moves up (against) a concentration gradient; requires a carrier?

<p>Active Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What moves small or lipid-soluble solutes through the membrane?

<p>Diffusion, Simple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transports amino acids and Na+ through the plasma membrane?

<p>Active Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of vesicular transport?

<p>Exocytosis, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a means of bringing fairly large particles into the cell?

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to eject wastes and to secrete cell products?

<p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What membrane transport consists of using channels or carrier proteins that do not require ATP?

<p>Facilitated Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Organelles and Functions

  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER): Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs.
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER): Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and processing. Connects to nuclear membrane.
  • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, can be free-floating or attached to Rough ER.
  • Cytosol: The liquid component of the cytoplasm, where various organelles are suspended.
  • Plasma membrane: A lipid bilayer that protects cell integrity; regulates molecule passage.
  • Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration.
  • Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes for waste processing; prevalent in phagocytic cells like white blood cells.
  • Peroxisomes: Breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances; abundant in liver cells.
  • Vacuoles: Storage organelles, often larger in plant cells, used for storing nutrients and waste products.

Cellular Structures and Polarity

  • Microvilli: Extensions that increase cell surface area for absorption and secretion.
  • Centrioles: Cell organelles involved in cell division, forming spindle fibers.
  • Chromatin: DNA and protein complex that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
  • Nucleolus: Produces ribosomal RNA, essential for ribosome formation.
  • Pores: Openings in the nuclear membrane for molecules to pass in and out.
  • Tight junctions: Prevent leakage of fluids between cells; creates a barrier.
  • Desmosomes: Anchoring structures that link adjacent cells, providing mechanical stability.
  • Basement membrane: Anchors cells to underlying tissues.

Cytoskeletal Elements

  • Microtubules: Largest cytoskeletal component; provides structure and facilitates intracellular transport.
  • Microfilaments: Composed of actin, involved in muscle contraction and cellular movement.
  • Intermediate filaments: Provide tensile strength, helping cells resist mechanical stress; most stable of the filaments.

Transport Mechanisms

  • Active transport: Requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient.
  • Passive transport: No energy required; substances move down their concentration gradient.
  • Phagocytosis: ATP-dependent process where cells engulf large particles.
  • Facilitated diffusion: Movement of molecules across cell membranes through protein channels or carriers, does not require ATP.
  • Exocytosis: Secretion mechanism for expelling materials from the cell.
  • Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.
  • Filtration: Driven by hydrostatic pressure, moving substances through a membrane.

Osmotic Principles

  • Hypertonic solution: Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move out.
  • Isotonic solution: Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell, maintaining equilibrium.
  • Hypotonic solution: Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move in.

Additional Cell Functionality Insights

  • Cell polarity: Refers to the presence of distinct structural and functional regions within the cell.
  • Functionality of tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes: Ensures communication and structural integrity between cells.
  • Likely locations of specific organelles: Identified by functions such as mucus secretion in mucus-secreting cells (abundant in Golgi apparatus and Rough ER).

These study notes provide key facts about cell structure, functionality, and transport mechanisms essential for understanding cellular anatomy and physiology.

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Test your knowledge on cell organelles and their functions in this quiz. From the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria, to the storage capabilities of vacuoles, understand how each part contributes to cellular processes. Perfect for biology students learning about cell structure!

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