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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of cholesterol within the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of cholesterol within the cell membrane?
Peripheral proteins are embedded within the cell membrane.
Peripheral proteins are embedded within the cell membrane.
False (B)
What type of molecules can directly cross the cell membrane without the need of a protein channel?
What type of molecules can directly cross the cell membrane without the need of a protein channel?
small nonpolar molecules, fats, and other lipids
The cell membrane is described by the _______ model because it is not a static structure.
The cell membrane is described by the _______ model because it is not a static structure.
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Match the following types of membrane proteins with their functions:
Match the following types of membrane proteins with their functions:
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Which of the following best describes the structure of the phospholipid bilayer?
Which of the following best describes the structure of the phospholipid bilayer?
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Hydrophobic interactions between the tails of phospholipids assist in making the cell membrane permeable to water-soluble substances.
Hydrophobic interactions between the tails of phospholipids assist in making the cell membrane permeable to water-soluble substances.
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Why are protein channels necessary for some molecules to cross the cell membrane?
Why are protein channels necessary for some molecules to cross the cell membrane?
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Which of the following molecules can move directly across a cell membrane via simple diffusion?
Which of the following molecules can move directly across a cell membrane via simple diffusion?
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Active transport requires the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP.
Active transport requires the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP.
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What is the primary role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
What is the primary role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
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The process of cellular 'drinking,' where a cell engulfs extracellular fluid, is called ________.
The process of cellular 'drinking,' where a cell engulfs extracellular fluid, is called ________.
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Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
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What is the net product of Glycolysis?
What is the net product of Glycolysis?
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The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
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How is ATP produced at the electron transport chain?
How is ATP produced at the electron transport chain?
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Which lobe of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movement?
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movement?
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The temporal lobe is primarily responsible for interpreting visual information.
The temporal lobe is primarily responsible for interpreting visual information.
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What type of diabetes is characterized by the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin?
What type of diabetes is characterized by the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin?
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The ______ lobe is associated with emotions and interpreting speech.
The ______ lobe is associated with emotions and interpreting speech.
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Match the types of diabetes with their descriptions:
Match the types of diabetes with their descriptions:
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What are the consequences of trauma to the temporal lobe?
What are the consequences of trauma to the temporal lobe?
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An unsteady walk is most likely due to damage in the occipital lobe.
An unsteady walk is most likely due to damage in the occipital lobe.
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What type of diabetes is associated with cells being insulin resistant?
What type of diabetes is associated with cells being insulin resistant?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA?
Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA?
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DNA polymerase III can only construct a new strand in the 3’-5’ direction.
DNA polymerase III can only construct a new strand in the 3’-5’ direction.
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What role do SSBP (Single-Strand Binding Proteins) play during DNA replication?
What role do SSBP (Single-Strand Binding Proteins) play during DNA replication?
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The primary function of the Lac operon is to regulate the metabolism of __________.
The primary function of the Lac operon is to regulate the metabolism of __________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which enzyme replaces RNA primers with DNA during DNA replication?
Which enzyme replaces RNA primers with DNA during DNA replication?
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In the process of negative feedback, the body works to maintain a change in internal conditions.
In the process of negative feedback, the body works to maintain a change in internal conditions.
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What happens to the Lac1 protein when lactose binds to it?
What happens to the Lac1 protein when lactose binds to it?
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What is the main product of photosynthesis from the equation 6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O?
What is the main product of photosynthesis from the equation 6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O?
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Photosynthesis occurs in one stage.
Photosynthesis occurs in one stage.
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
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The final electron acceptor in photosynthesis is _____, which becomes NADPH.
The final electron acceptor in photosynthesis is _____, which becomes NADPH.
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Match the following components of photosynthesis with their functions:
Match the following components of photosynthesis with their functions:
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Which step occurs first in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Which step occurs first in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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The Calvin cycle requires light to occur.
The Calvin cycle requires light to occur.
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What does chemiosmosis refer to in photosynthesis?
What does chemiosmosis refer to in photosynthesis?
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Which part of the neuron conducts signals away from the cell body?
Which part of the neuron conducts signals away from the cell body?
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Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
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What is the role of neurotransmitters in the synapse?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the synapse?
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The microscopic gap that separates neurons is called a __________.
The microscopic gap that separates neurons is called a __________.
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Match the neuron parts with their functions:
Match the neuron parts with their functions:
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What is the correct sequence in a reflex arc?
What is the correct sequence in a reflex arc?
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Sodium and potassium pumps help restore a neuron's resting potential after signal transmission.
Sodium and potassium pumps help restore a neuron's resting potential after signal transmission.
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What happens to the neuron during repolarization?
What happens to the neuron during repolarization?
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Study Notes
Cell Membrane Structure and Function
- Cell membranes are composed of a fluid mosaic of proteins and carbohydrates embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.
- The bilayer is composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- Cholesterol is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer to increase its rigidity.
- Proteins are embedded in the bilayer and perform various functions, including structural support, communication, and transport.
- Glycoproteins and glycolipids are also present in the membrane, aiding cell recognition and communication.
- The membrane is not static, and proteins with carbohydrates can move, maintaining its fluidity.
Membrane Transport
- Substances cross the membrane by passive or active transport.
- Passive transport occurs without energy input;
- Active transport requires energy input (ATP).
- Hydrophobic molecules, such as lipids, can pass through the membrane directly.
- Small polar molecules, such as water, can cross via channels.
- Larger or charged particles often need help from protein channels to cross the membrane.
- This selective permeability helps maintain cellular homeostasis.
Types of Transport
- Simple diffusion: Movement of small, uncharged substances from higher to lower concentrations across the membrane. (no energy required)
- Facilitated diffusion: Movement of large, charged or polar molecules from higher to lower concentrations with the help of protein channels. (no energy required)
- Osmosis: The diffusion of water from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a semipermeable membrane.
- Active transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) and protein pumps.
- Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of large molecules or substances by forming vesicles.
- Exocytosis: Cellular release of large molecules or substances to the external environment by forming and fusing vesicles with the membrane.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
- Enzymes can have different ways they can be inhibited.
- Enzymes undergo induced fit that causes them to shape into a precise fit for the substrate, speeding reactions.
- Enzymes are used in cell metabolic processes and reactions.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells produce ATP by breaking down glucose and other organic molecules.
- It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria and requires oxygen (aerobic).
- The process involves multiple metabolic steps, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
- Key molecules and byproducts include glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, ATP, and electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).
- The overall reaction can be written as: O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
- ATP is synthesized through chemiosmosis as electrons moving down the ETC create a proton gradient across the membrane.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy to produce glucose.
- The process occurs in two main stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.
- Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts and uses light energy to split water ($\text{H}_2\text{O}$) and produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
- Overall reaction can be written as: 6CO2 + 12H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6 H2O
Homeostasis & Feedback
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Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment.
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Negative feedback mechanisms maintain equilibrium.
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The response counteracts the stimulus, returning the body to its original state.
- Example: Body temperature regulation.
-
Positive feedback mechanisms amplify the stimulus until a change occurs and then the system returns to equilibrium, such as during childbirth or blood clotting.
Action Potential
- Nerve cells transmit information via action potentials.
- Action potentials involve changes in membrane potential caused by the opening and closing ion channels (sodium and potassium).
- There are multiple steps to triggering an action potential that generate a nerve impulse.
- This action potential (impulse) travels down an axon and triggers a response from the muscle or gland.
Synaptic Transmission
- Communication between neurons occurs at synapses via neurotransmitters.
- Neurotransmitters carry signals across the synapse to the post-synaptic neuron.
- Binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron either excites or inhibits the next neuron.
- This transmission results in a biochemical response allowing for communication.
Brain Lobe Functions
- Different brain regions play distinct roles in physical functions.
- Frontal lobe: Higher-level cognitive functions, such as decision-making, motor control.
- Parietal lobe: Sensory information processing, spatial awareness.
- Temporal lobe: Auditory processing, memory formation.
- Occipital lobe: Visual processing.
Diabetic Types
- Type 1 Diabetes: Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Inability of insulin to bind to receptors. Cells become resistant to insulin.
Kidney Function
- Healthy kidneys filter waste products from blood.
- Excess waste can indicate some dysfunction of the kidneys.
Neuron structure
- The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system.
- A neuron has dendrites, a cell body, and an axon to send and receive electrochemical nerve signals.
- Neurons have axons that connect with other neurons at synapses.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cell membrane's structure and function with this quiz. Explore topics such as the role of cholesterol, types of proteins, and the mechanisms of transport across the membrane. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular components.
