Cell Membrane Structure and Function Quiz

Movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process does not require energy.

Movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, facilitated by a protein channel. No energy is required.

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

The process of a cell engulfing large molecules or particles using vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane.

The process of a cell releasing large molecules or particles from the cell by fusing vesicles with the cell membrane.

A biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy. It works by forming a temporary complex with the substrate and inducing a change in its shape.

The process by which an enzyme changes shape to better fit its substrate, induced by the substrate itself.

A double layer of phospholipids, each with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, forming the basic structure of the cell membrane.

A type of lipid embedded within the phospholipid bilayer that helps regulate membrane fluidity, preventing it from becoming too rigid or too fluid.

Proteins that span the entire cell membrane, with parts exposed on both sides. They play a crucial role in transport, communication, and structural support.

Proteins that are attached to the surface of the cell membrane, often interacting with integral proteins. They participate in various functions, including signal transduction and structural support.

A lipid molecule with a carbohydrate chain attached, playing a key role in cell recognition and interactions with other cells.

A protein molecule with a carbohydrate chain attached, crucial for cell communication and transport. It helps cells interact with their environment.

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane without requiring energy expenditure. This process can occur through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion.

A process that uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

The second stage of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using the energy from ATP and NADPH.

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

A series of reactions where electrons are transferred through a series of carriers, releasing energy that is used to pump protons across a membrane.

The generation of ATP by using the energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane.

The energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane.

A process that breaks down glucose to produce ATP (energy) and carbon dioxide.

A molecule with a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).

The process of copying DNA to create two identical DNA molecules.

The two strands of DNA are unzipped by an enzyme called helicase, and each strand acts as a template for a new strand.

A process that ensures that each of the new DNA strands has one original strand and one newly synthesized strand, maintaining the DNA integrity.

The process where DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing DNA strand, following the base pairing rules.

A process where a set of genes that control the metabolism of lactose are regulated by the lac operon.

A regulatory protein that binds to the operator region of the lac operon, preventing transcription when lactose is absent.

A type of feedback mechanism that counteracts changes in a system, maintaining a stable internal environment.

The part of the neuron that carries signals away from the cell body.

Chemical messengers that carry signals across the synapse between neurons.

A rapid change in electrical charge across a neuron's membrane, allowing for communication within the nervous system.

A type of neuron that receives sensory information and sends it to the brain or spinal cord.

A type of neuron that carries signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands.

A condition marked by the pancreas's inability to produce insulin.

A condition marked by the body's inability to use insulin effectively.

The region of the brain responsible for planning, complex movements, and higher cognitive functions.

Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism, despite external changes.

A reflex arc is a rapid, involuntary, and automatic response to a stimulus, involving a sensory neuron, an interneuron, a motor neuron, and an effector.

A synapse is a microscopic gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.

An action potential is a brief electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron, transmitting information.

Dendrites are highly branched projections of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body.

The axon is a long, thin extension of a neuron that conducts signals away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscles, or glands.

The axon terminal is the end of an axon, where the neuron communicates with other neurons, muscles, or glands by releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse.