Cell Injury and Responses Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the initial stage of cellular response to adverse influences?

  • Cell death
  • Adaptation (correct)
  • Irreversible cell injury
  • Reversible cell injury

Which of the following is a cause of hypoxia?

  • Excessive oxygenation of blood
  • Inadequate oxygenation of blood (correct)
  • Necrosis
  • Intracellular accumulation

Which of the following processes is a form of cell death?

  • Reversible cell injury
  • Adaptation
  • Necrosis (correct)
  • Oxidative phosphorylation

The state of homeostasis in normal cells is primarily maintained by:

<p>Biochemical and physiological pathways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood?

<p>Cell injury due to hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might occur if cells experience a prolonged hypoxic state?

<p>Reversible injury followed by death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows reversible cell injury in the context of cellular impairment?

<p>Irreversible cell injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of response indicates successful adaptation of a cell?

<p>Maintenance of homeostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does oxidative stress typically have on cells?

<p>Causes cell injury and potential death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the impairment from metabolic and structural changes in response to harmful agents?

<p>Cellular injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a physical agent causing cell injury?

<p>Electric shock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of severe blood loss on cellular function?

<p>Irreversible cell injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutritional imbalances could lead to cell injury?

<p>Deficiency of vitamins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aging affect cellular function?

<p>Leads to cellular senescence (A), Reduces cellular adaptability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes irreversible injury?

<p>Results in cell death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers reversible cell injury?

<p>Minor external stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is considered a biological infectious agent?

<p>Tapeworms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected time frame for the consequences of cell injury to become visible with light microscopy?

<p>Hours to days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically contribute to genetic abnormalities leading to cell injury?

<p>Infectious agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemical agents have in cell injury?

<p>Induce various injurious mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Injury

A set of biochemical and/or morphologic changes when homeostasis is disrupted by adverse influences.

Hypoxia

Deficiency of oxygen, leading to cell injury from reduced aerobic respiration.

Ischemia

Reduced arterial blood flow.

Homeostasis

A healthy state maintained by constant adjustment of biochemical and physiological pathways.

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Oxygen Deprivation

Causes cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration.

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Causes of Hypoxia

Inadequate oxygenation of blood; Ischemia; Cardiorespiratory failure; Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (anemia or CO poisoning).

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Cellular Adaptation

The cell's response to an insult to maintain at least some original functionality.

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Reversible Cell Injury

Cellular changes that can be reversed if the insult is removed.

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Irreversible Cell Injury

Cell damage progressing to cell death (necrosis, apoptosis).

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Intracellular Accumulation

Abnormal buildup of substances inside a cell.

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Causes of Cell Injury

A broad range of factors that can damage cells, including physical agents, chemical agents, infectious agents, immune reactions, genetic abnormalities, nutritional imbalances, and aging.

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Physical Agents

Mechanical trauma, extreme temperatures (burns, frostbite), pressure changes, radiation, and electric shock can damage cells.

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Chemical Agents

Hypertonic chemicals, high oxygen concentrations, poisons, pollutants (pesticides, herbicides), industrial hazards, and drugs (cigarettes, alcohol) can harm cells.

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Infectious/Biological Agents

From viruses to parasites, these agents can cause cellular damage.

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Immune Reactions

Immune responses to internal or external substances can lead to cell damage.

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Genetic Abnormalities

Defective proteins and DNA damage can cause cell death.

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Nutritional Imbalances

Protein, vitamins, or excessive fats (lipids) can lead to cellular issues.

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Aging

Cellular aging (senescence) impairs replication and repair, increasing cell vulnerability.

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Reversible Injury

Cell damage that is recoverable with removal of the stressor.

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Irreversible Injury

Persistent or severe damage that leads to cell death.

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Study Notes

Cell Injury

  • Cells maintain homeostasis through constant biochemical and physiological pathway adjustments.
  • Injury occurs when homeostasis is disrupted by adverse influences.
  • Cells respond to injury in stages:
    • Adaptation
    • Reversible cell injury (intracellular accumulation)
    • Irreversible cell injury (cell death: necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy)

Causes of Cell Injury

  • Oxygen Deprivation (Hypoxia): Reduced aerobic respiration, leading to cellular adaptation, injury, or death depending on severity.
    • Causes of hypoxia include inadequate blood oxygenation, reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (e.g., anemia), carbon monoxide poisoning, and severe blood loss.

Types of Cell Responses

  • Figure 1: Illustrates cell responses with increasing severity and duration of stress.
  • Adaptation: a response to a stressor, maintains cell survival
  • Reversible Injury: Mild, transient, and potentially reversible cellular changes
  • Irreversible Injury: Severe, progressive, and leads to cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).

Mechanisms of Cell Injury

  • Biochemical Pathways: Injury responses are organized around general principles:
    • Cell responses depend on nature, duration, and severity of the stimulus.
    • Responses depend on the type, state, and adaptability of the injured cell.
    • Injurious stimuli can trigger interconnected cellular damage.
  • Intracellular Targets: Injury affects five crucial cellular components: ATP production (mitochondrial respiration), mitochondrial and plasma membrane integrity, protein synthesis and folding/degradation, and genetic material (DNA/RNA) integrity.
    • Consequences of ATP Depletion: Impaired membrane transport (Na+/K+ pump dysfunction, calcium influx), increased anaerobic glycolysis, lactic acid production, acidosis, ribosome detachment, and reduced protein synthesis.
    • Mitochondrial Damage: Critical for ATP production; dysfunction due to increased calcium, ROS, ischemia, or mutations leading to injury and ultimately cell death.

Defects in Membrane Permeability

  • Early and consistent feature of most cell injury is loss of selective membrane permeability,
  • Causes of permeability defects : Ischemia, bacterial toxins, viral proteins, complement components, and chemical/physical agents.
  • Consequences of membrane damage lead to: mitochondrial/plasma membrane damage, loss of osmotic balance, and leakage of cellular components.

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Related Documents

Cell Injury Types and Mechanisms PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cell injury and the responses that cells exhibit under stress. This quiz covers the stages of cell injury, causes of injury such as hypoxia, and types of cellular responses including adaptation and irreversible injury. Enhance your understanding of cellular dynamics and injury mechanisms.

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