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What is the term for the collections of phospholipids in concentric layers released from damaged plasma membranes?
What is the term for the collections of phospholipids in concentric layers released from damaged plasma membranes?
Myelin figures
What is the significance of amorphous densities in mitochondria during cell injury?
What is the significance of amorphous densities in mitochondria during cell injury?
Unknown significance
What is the role of RNA binding proteins in cell injury?
What is the role of RNA binding proteins in cell injury?
They bind to blue membrane-bound structures
What is the effect of cell injury on the structure and function of the plasma membrane?
What is the effect of cell injury on the structure and function of the plasma membrane?
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What is the consequence of DNA damage in cell injury?
What is the consequence of DNA damage in cell injury?
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What is the effect of cell injury on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
What is the effect of cell injury on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
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What is the consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction in cell injury?
What is the consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction in cell injury?
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What is the final outcome of cell injury if it is not reversed?
What is the final outcome of cell injury if it is not reversed?
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What is the result of the release of numerous other molecules and the breakdown of pancreatic cells?
What is the result of the release of numerous other molecules and the breakdown of pancreatic cells?
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Where are the molecules that cause fat necrosis normally confined?
Where are the molecules that cause fat necrosis normally confined?
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What type of cells recognize the molecules that cause fat necrosis?
What type of cells recognize the molecules that cause fat necrosis?
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What is the location of the receptors that recognize the molecules that cause fat necrosis?
What is the location of the receptors that recognize the molecules that cause fat necrosis?
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What is the outcome of the reactivation of pancreatic enzymes?
What is the outcome of the reactivation of pancreatic enzymes?
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Where do the pancreatic enzymes that cause fat necrosis originate from?
Where do the pancreatic enzymes that cause fat necrosis originate from?
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What is the term for the severe cell injury caused by the breakdown of pancreatic cells?
What is the term for the severe cell injury caused by the breakdown of pancreatic cells?
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In which chapter of a textbook would you find more information about acute pancreatitis?
In which chapter of a textbook would you find more information about acute pancreatitis?
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What happens to the dead tissue during the process of necrosis?
What happens to the dead tissue during the process of necrosis?
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What is the term for the molecular patterns associated with cellular damage?
What is the term for the molecular patterns associated with cellular damage?
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What is the characteristic appearance of necrotic tissue under a microscope?
What is the characteristic appearance of necrotic tissue under a microscope?
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What is the term for the fragments of dead cells that are engulfed by macrophages?
What is the term for the fragments of dead cells that are engulfed by macrophages?
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What is one of the components of DAMPs released by damaged cells?
What is one of the components of DAMPs released by damaged cells?
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What is the term for the process of cell death characterized by enzymatic digestion of the cell?
What is the term for the process of cell death characterized by enzymatic digestion of the cell?
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What is the characteristic of necrotic tissue on gross examination?
What is the characteristic of necrotic tissue on gross examination?
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What type of cells are involved in the process of phagocytosis of dead cells?
What type of cells are involved in the process of phagocytosis of dead cells?
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What is the characteristic of caseous necrosis in tuberculosis of the lung?
What is the characteristic of caseous necrosis in tuberculosis of the lung?
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What is the result of DNA damage in the context of apoptosis?
What is the result of DNA damage in the context of apoptosis?
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How do certain viral infections lead to apoptosis?
How do certain viral infections lead to apoptosis?
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What is the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in apoptosis?
What is the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in apoptosis?
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What is the result of the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the context of apoptosis?
What is the result of the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the context of apoptosis?
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What is the role of the mitochondrial pathway in apoptosis?
What is the role of the mitochondrial pathway in apoptosis?
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What is the outcome of the activation of proapoptotic proteins?
What is the outcome of the activation of proapoptotic proteins?
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What is the significance of aspartic acid residues in the context of apoptosis?
What is the significance of aspartic acid residues in the context of apoptosis?
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What type of event occurs when cells are damaged, especially when the damage affects the cell's DNA or proteins?
What type of event occurs when cells are damaged, especially when the damage affects the cell's DNA or proteins?
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What is the purpose of apoptosis during development?
What is the purpose of apoptosis during development?
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What type of cells can undergo apoptosis in response to immune responses?
What type of cells can undergo apoptosis in response to immune responses?
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What is the result of dysregulated or autoreactive immune responses on precursor cells?
What is the result of dysregulated or autoreactive immune responses on precursor cells?
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In which tissue is apoptosis of precursor cells particularly important?
In which tissue is apoptosis of precursor cells particularly important?
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What type of necrosis is shown in Figure 1.4?
What type of necrosis is shown in Figure 1.4?
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What is the consequence of irreparable cell damage?
What is the consequence of irreparable cell damage?
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What is the main difference between apoptosis and unregulated cell death?
What is the main difference between apoptosis and unregulated cell death?
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Study Notes
Cell Injury and Death
- Cell injury can lead to two types of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis
- Necrosis is characterized by cell swelling, rupture of plasma membranes, and release of cellular contents
- Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process, where cells undergo a series of changes, including cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and DNA fragmentation
Characteristics of Necrosis
- Myelin figures are formed from damaged plasma membranes, which appear as collections of phospholipids in concentric layers
- Mitochondria often contain amorphous densities, which are visible by electron microscopy
- RNA and DNA can be damaged, leading to altered structure and function of the plasma membrane
Apoptosis
- Physiologic apoptosis occurs during development, tissue remodeling, and immune responses
- Apoptosis can be induced by DNA damage, activation of proapoptotic proteins, and external signals such as those mediated by death receptors
- Apoptotic cells are characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and DNA fragmentation
Necrosis vs. Apoptosis
- Necrosis is a passive process, whereas apoptosis is an active process that requires energy
- Necrosis leads to inflammation, while apoptosis does not
- Necrosis results in the release of cellular contents, including damaged organelles and proteins, whereas apoptosis leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are then engulfed by phagocytic cells
Examples of Necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis: an infarct in the brain showing dissolution of tissue
- Caseous necrosis: tuberculosis of the lung, with a large area of caseous necrosis containing yellow-white debris
Pathways of Cell Death
- DNA damage can activate proapoptotic proteins, leading to apoptosis
- Mitochondrial pathway: activation of proapoptotic proteins, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspases
- Death receptor pathway: activation of death receptors, recruitment of adapter proteins, and activation of caspases
Importance of Cell Death
- Cell death is essential for development, tissue remodeling, and immune responses
- Dysregulation of cell death can lead to disease, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders.
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Description
This quiz covers the concept of reversible cell injury, necrosis, and apoptosis, including the sequence of events leading to cell death. It also touches on myelin figures and their relation to damaged plasma membranes.
