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Cell Injury and Death
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Cell Injury and Death

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@PerfectAnemone

Questions and Answers

What is the term for the collections of phospholipids in concentric layers released from damaged plasma membranes?

Myelin figures

What is the significance of amorphous densities in mitochondria during cell injury?

Unknown significance

What is the role of RNA binding proteins in cell injury?

They bind to blue membrane-bound structures

What is the effect of cell injury on the structure and function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Altered structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of DNA damage in cell injury?

<p>Loss of cellular integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cell injury on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>ER becomes dilated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction in cell injury?

<p>Loss of ATP generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final outcome of cell injury if it is not reversed?

<p>Cell death (necrosis or apoptosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the release of numerous other molecules and the breakdown of pancreatic cells?

<p>Fat necrosis, severe cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the molecules that cause fat necrosis normally confined?

<p>Within severely damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells recognize the molecules that cause fat necrosis?

<p>Macrophages and other cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the receptors that recognize the molecules that cause fat necrosis?

<p>On macrophages and other cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the reactivation of pancreatic enzymes?

<p>Fat necrosis and tissue destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the pancreatic enzymes that cause fat necrosis originate from?

<p>The pancreas and peritoneal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the severe cell injury caused by the breakdown of pancreatic cells?

<p>Acute pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which chapter of a textbook would you find more information about acute pancreatitis?

<p>Chapter 13</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the dead tissue during the process of necrosis?

<p>Leakage of lysosomal enzymes occurs, creating a cheesy consistency on gross examination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the molecular patterns associated with cellular damage?

<p>Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of necrotic tissue under a microscope?

<p>A coagulative focus with fragmented cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fragments of dead cells that are engulfed by macrophages?

<p>Granuloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the components of DAMPs released by damaged cells?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of cell death characterized by enzymatic digestion of the cell?

<p>Autolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of necrotic tissue on gross examination?

<p>Cheesy consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are involved in the process of phagocytosis of dead cells?

<p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of caseous necrosis in tuberculosis of the lung?

<p>yellow-white (cheesy) debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of DNA damage in the context of apoptosis?

<p>Activation of proapoptotic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do certain viral infections lead to apoptosis?

<p>Activation of the mitochondrial pathway by viral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in apoptosis?

<p>Killing of infected cells by activating caspases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the context of apoptosis?

<p>Activation of proapoptotic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitochondrial pathway in apoptosis?

<p>Activation of caspases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the activation of proapoptotic proteins?

<p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of aspartic acid residues in the context of apoptosis?

<p>Proteins after aspartic acid residues are cleaved by caspases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of event occurs when cells are damaged, especially when the damage affects the cell's DNA or proteins?

<p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of apoptosis during development?

<p>To remove unwanted cells and make way for mature tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells can undergo apoptosis in response to immune responses?

<p>Neurocytes and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of dysregulated or autoreactive immune responses on precursor cells?

<p>Apoptosis of precursor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which tissue is apoptosis of precursor cells particularly important?

<p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis is shown in Figure 1.4?

<p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of irreparable cell damage?

<p>Cells are eliminated through apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between apoptosis and unregulated cell death?

<p>Apoptosis is a controlled process, while unregulated cell death is not</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Injury and Death

  • Cell injury can lead to two types of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis
  • Necrosis is characterized by cell swelling, rupture of plasma membranes, and release of cellular contents
  • Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process, where cells undergo a series of changes, including cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and DNA fragmentation

Characteristics of Necrosis

  • Myelin figures are formed from damaged plasma membranes, which appear as collections of phospholipids in concentric layers
  • Mitochondria often contain amorphous densities, which are visible by electron microscopy
  • RNA and DNA can be damaged, leading to altered structure and function of the plasma membrane

Apoptosis

  • Physiologic apoptosis occurs during development, tissue remodeling, and immune responses
  • Apoptosis can be induced by DNA damage, activation of proapoptotic proteins, and external signals such as those mediated by death receptors
  • Apoptotic cells are characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and DNA fragmentation

Necrosis vs. Apoptosis

  • Necrosis is a passive process, whereas apoptosis is an active process that requires energy
  • Necrosis leads to inflammation, while apoptosis does not
  • Necrosis results in the release of cellular contents, including damaged organelles and proteins, whereas apoptosis leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are then engulfed by phagocytic cells

Examples of Necrosis

  • Liquefactive necrosis: an infarct in the brain showing dissolution of tissue
  • Caseous necrosis: tuberculosis of the lung, with a large area of caseous necrosis containing yellow-white debris

Pathways of Cell Death

  • DNA damage can activate proapoptotic proteins, leading to apoptosis
  • Mitochondrial pathway: activation of proapoptotic proteins, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspases
  • Death receptor pathway: activation of death receptors, recruitment of adapter proteins, and activation of caspases

Importance of Cell Death

  • Cell death is essential for development, tissue remodeling, and immune responses
  • Dysregulation of cell death can lead to disease, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders.

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Description

This quiz covers the concept of reversible cell injury, necrosis, and apoptosis, including the sequence of events leading to cell death. It also touches on myelin figures and their relation to damaged plasma membranes.

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