Cell Injury and Cell Death: Patterns and Events

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Questions and Answers

What are the two microscopic patterns of reversible injury?

Cellular swelling and fatty change (correct)

Mitochondrial swelling and nuclear alterations

Cellular swelling and mitochondrial swelling

Fatty change and nuclear alterations

What may result in cellular swelling?

Chemical poisoning and mitochondrial swelling

Hypoxia and nuclear alterations

Chemical poisoning and hypoxia (correct)

Fatty change and mitochondrial swelling

What are the intracellular changes associated with reversible injury?

Plasma membrane blebbing, mitochondrial swelling, and endoplasmic reticulum dilation (correct)

Mitochondrial swelling, nuclear alterations, and fatty change

Nuclear alterations, fatty change, and mitochondrial swelling

Plasma membrane blebbing, mitochondrial swelling, and nuclear alterations

Under what conditions may the changes of reversible injury become irreversible?

If hypoxia and chemical poisoning both persist Signup and view all the answers

What are the gross microscopic changes associated with reversible injury?

Organ pallor, cellular swelling, and small cytoplasmic vacuoles Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest change observed in injured cells under reversible injury?

Cytoplasm becoming pale and swollen with small clear cytoplasmic vacuoles Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the release of fatty acids and calcium in acute pancreatitis?

Hydrolysis of triglyceride esters Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis is characterized by leakage of plasma into the media and fibrin deposition in the damaged vessel wall?

Fibrinoid necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of most necrotic tissue when it is removed by leukocytes combined with extracellular enzyme digestion?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical condition is associated with leakage of contractile protein troponin due to tissue damage?

Myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that leads to the formation of fatty saponification in acute pancreatitis?

Release of pancreatic lipases Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis involves the histological appearance of smooth muscle necrosis in arterioles due to vasculitis and hypertension?

Fibrinoid necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which cell injury pattern is characteristic of tuberculous infection?

Caseous necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of necrosis, particularly in the myocardium, liver, and kidney?

Coagulative necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis involves complete digestion of dead cells with rapid dissolution, often seen in bacterial and fungal infections?

Liquefactive necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which form of necrosis refers to ischemic coagulative necrosis with superimposed infection and putrefaction of tissue?

Gangrenous necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What causes focal areas of fat destruction, resulting in white, chalky areas?

Fat necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism underlying coagulative necrosis?

Denaturation of proteins and enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell death involves the characteristic accumulation of white blood cells, seen in bacterial and some fungal infections?

Liquefactive necrosis Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the body is dry gangrene usually seen as a result of arterial obstruction?

Toes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microscopic Patterns of Reversible Injury

Two microscopic patterns include cellular swelling and fatty change.
Cellular swelling occurs due to sodium entry and impaired ion pumps.

Intracellular Changes in Reversible Injury

Reversible injury leads to early changes such as mitochondrial swelling, ATP depletion, and cytoplasmic swelling.
Loss of microvilli and chromatin clumping can also be observed.

Transition to Irreversible Injury

Changes of reversible injury become irreversible when significant ATP depletion and loss of membrane integrity occur, leading to necrosis.

Gross Microscopic Changes in Reversible Injury

Observable changes include edema, cellular swelling, and reorganization of cellular structures.

Earliest Change in Injured Cells

The earliest change seen in injured cells is cellular swelling, often indicating a shift in ion homeostasis.

Process in Acute Pancreatitis

The release of fatty acids and calcium in acute pancreatitis is due to the process of enzymatic digestion of pancreatic tissue.

Type of Necrosis with Plasma Leakage

Fibrinoid necrosis is characterized by plasma leakage into the media and fibrin deposition in damaged vessel walls.

Fate of Necrotic Tissue

Most necrotic tissue is removed by leukocytes through a combination of phagocytosis and extracellular enzyme digestion.

Clinical Condition and Troponin Leakage

Troponin leakage is commonly associated with myocardial infarction due to cell damage in cardiac tissue.

Formation of Fatty Saponification

Fatty saponification in acute pancreatitis occurs due to the interaction of released fatty acids with calcium ions, resulting in chalky deposits.

Type of Necrosis in Vasculitis

Fibrinoid necrosis is also observed in smooth muscle necrosis in arterioles due to conditions like vasculitis and hypertension.

Characteristic Cell Injury Pattern in Tuberculosis

Caseous necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis infections, showing cheese-like (caseous) appearance in tissue.

Most Common Form of Necrosis

Coagulative necrosis is the most common form, particularly affecting the myocardium, liver, and kidney.

Type of Necrosis in Bacterial Infections

Liquefactive necrosis involves complete digestion of dead cells with rapid dissolution, often associated with bacterial and fungal infections.

Ischemic Coagulative Necrosis

Gas gangrene refers to ischemic coagulative necrosis with superimposed infection and tissue putrefaction.

Mechanism of Fat Destruction

Focal areas of fat destruction, producing white, chalky areas, are caused by enzymatic action during acute pancreatitis.

Mechanism Underlying Coagulative Necrosis

Coagulative necrosis is caused by reduced blood flow leading to the preservation of cellular outlines while the internal structure undergoes breakdown.

Cell Death with White Blood Cell Accumulation

Neutrophilic infiltration leading to tissue damage is characteristic of necrosis associated with bacterial infections.

Location of Dry Gangrene

Dry gangrene is typically seen in the extremities, often resulting from arterial obstruction.

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Description

Explore the sequence of events in cell injury and cell death, including patterns of acute cell injury and reversible injury such as cellular swelling and fatty change. Understand the microscopic patterns of reversible injury and the causes of cellular swelling.