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Cell Injury and Cell Death - Foundations
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Cell Injury and Cell Death - Foundations

Created by
@GratefulHyperbolic

Questions and Answers

Which mechanism is primarily associated with programmed cell death?

  • Apoptosis (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • Necrosis
  • Autophagy

    • What is a common feature of necrosis that differentiates it from apoptosis?

  • Cell shrinkage and nuclear fragmentation
  • Chromatin condensation
  • Cellular recycling of organelles
  • Inflammatory response and cellular swelling (correct)

    • Which of the following forms of cell death is typically characterized by ATP depletion?

  • Autophagy
  • Apoptosis
  • Necroptosis (correct)
  • Ferroptosis

    • What aspect of pathology does homeostasis primarily focus on?

    <p>Biochemical balance within cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is characterized by cheese-like (caseous) necrosis commonly seen in tuberculosis?

    <p>Caseous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular response is indicative of acute cellular injury?

    <p>Morphological changes such as swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pathophysiology, what is the term for the study of altered structures and functions in disease?

    <p>Pathobiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the breakdown and recycling of cellular components?

    <p>Autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflects acute, reversible cell injury due to impaired function of membrane ion pumps?

    <p>Hydropic change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cellular systems is most vulnerable to injury?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which morphologic change is indicative of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Increased eosinophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury does hypereosinophilia signify?

    <p>Necrotic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular change is characterized by the fragmentation of nuclear material?

    <p>Karyorrhexis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition does not affect cell injury susceptibility?

    <p>Endogenous toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes hydropic change in cells?

    <p>Depletion of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopic examination technique is most useful for evaluating irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Electron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an elevated blood level of cardiac troponin indicate?

    <p>Myocardial infarct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of necrosis is associated with bacterial infection?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome best describes cells that have undergone reversible injury due to hypoxia?

    <p>Cell swelling and fatty change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glutathione in cells?

    <p>Detoxification of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cyanide cause cellular injury?

    <p>By inhibiting ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

    <p>Necrosis is always associated with inflammation, while apoptosis is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is N-acetylcysteine used in acetaminophen poisoning?

    <p>It replenishes glutathione levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular morphologic feature is commonly associated with irreversible injury?

    <p>Karyolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to loss of enzyme activity or abnormal folding of proteins?

    <p>Fragmentation or cross-linking due to oxidative modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major intracellular redox buffer?

    <p>Reduced glutathione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is NOT a critical factor leading to cell death?

    <p>Maintaining adequate ATP levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do free iron levels affect cellular functions?

    <p>They can catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radical can be produced during the metabolism of carbon tetrachloride?

    <p>Carbon-centered radical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily causes loss of membrane function due to reactive oxygen species?

    <p>Autocatalytic lipid peroxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of oxidative modifications to DNA?

    <p>Formation of breaks or cross-links leading to mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of reactive oxygen species in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Leaking electrons from the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first injury caused by ischemic or hypoxic events?

    <p>Mitochondrial ATP production depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is noted to leave the cell as a result of ischemia?

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does lactic acid accumulation have on the cell?

    <p>It lowers the cell pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ischemia differ from hypoxia in terms of cellular impact?

    <p>Ischemia primarily affects oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are reactive oxygen species primarily associated with?

    <p>Oxidative stress conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a reactive oxygen species?

    <p>Nitric oxide (NO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to happen to ribosomes as a consequence of ischemia?

    <p>They detach from the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the effect of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>It is the process that generates the majority of ATP in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Injury and Cell Death Overview

    • Elevated cardiac troponin levels indicate myocardial infarction; it's a key biomarker for heart damage.
    • Types of necrosis differ by their cause (etiology) and appearance (morphology).
    • Hypoxia induces significant cellular alterations leading to two types of injury: reversible and irreversible.

    Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms

    • Glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role as an intracellular antioxidant, neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS).
    • Cyanide causes cellular injury by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration, while N-acetylcysteine is effective for acetaminophen toxicity due to its role in replenishing glutathione.

    Distinctions in Cell Death

    • Necrosis involves uncontrolled cell death often due to injury, showing features like eosinophilia and nuclear alterations (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis).
    • Apoptosis is a regulated process with distinct morphological changes, differing significantly from necrosis.

    Context of Cell Injury

    • Cell injury can stem from chemical agents, infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic defects, or nutritional imbalances.
    • Response to injury depends on injury type, severity, and the specific cell type affected.

    Morphological Changes

    • Hydropic change reflects acute, reversible injury due to ATP depletion; affected tissue appears swollen and pale.
    • Irreversible injury results in increased eosinophilia and various nuclear changes observable via microscopy.

    Mechanisms of Ischemic Injury

    • Ischemia disrupts mitochondrial ATP production faster than hypoxia because cells lose both oxygen and substrates for anaerobic metabolism.
    • Ischemic effects include nutrient deprivation, lactic acid accumulation, decreased pH, and cellular swelling.

    Oxidative Stress

    • Imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and removal leads to oxidative stress, damaging proteins, DNA, and cell membranes.
    • ROS can arise from mitochondrial processes, cytochrome P450 activity, water hydrolysis by radiation, and metabolism of xenobiotics.

    Critical Events Leading to Cell Death

    • Lethal cell injury typically follows irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction or severe membrane damage.
    • ATP-dependent pumps are crucial for maintaining intracellular ionic balance, with failures resulting in cell death.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the concepts of cell injury and cell death as part of the Foundations block in pathology. Students will explore mechanisms and implications of cellular damage and the processes leading to cell death. Prepare for an engaging session that deepens your understanding of vital cellular functions.

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