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Questions and Answers
Which of the following cell types is characterized by continuous division?
Which of the following cell types is characterized by continuous division?
- Stable cells
- Labile cells (correct)
- Permanent cells
- Quiescent cells
Tissue growth is best described as the:
Tissue growth is best described as the:
- Net balance of cell proliferation and hypertrophy.
- Net balance of cell differentiation and cell mutation.
- Net increase in cell size due to hyperplasia.
- Net balance of cell proliferation and cell death. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of atrophy?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of atrophy?
- Diminished blood supply
- Inadequate nutrition
- Increased workload (correct)
- Loss of innervation
Atrophy of disuse is MOST likely to occur in:
Atrophy of disuse is MOST likely to occur in:
Denervation atrophy directly affects:
Denervation atrophy directly affects:
Which condition is MOST likely to result in muscle atrophy due to severe protein malnutrition?
Which condition is MOST likely to result in muscle atrophy due to severe protein malnutrition?
Senile atrophy is MOST apparent in which of the following organs?
Senile atrophy is MOST apparent in which of the following organs?
Cerebrovascular disease can lead to atrophy due to:
Cerebrovascular disease can lead to atrophy due to:
A large neoplasm in the spinal cord can cause pressure atrophy in the:
A large neoplasm in the spinal cord can cause pressure atrophy in the:
Which of the following processes describes an increase in tissue size due to an increase in the number of cells?
Which of the following processes describes an increase in tissue size due to an increase in the number of cells?
Which of the following cell types primarily accounts for increased tissue size through hyperplasia?
Which of the following cell types primarily accounts for increased tissue size through hyperplasia?
Which of these examples is considered physiological hyperplasia or hypertrophy?
Which of these examples is considered physiological hyperplasia or hypertrophy?
Uterine myometrial hypertrophy during pregnancy is an example of:
Uterine myometrial hypertrophy during pregnancy is an example of:
Living at significantly high altitudes can result in:
Living at significantly high altitudes can result in:
Which of the following conditions is an example of pathological hypertrophy?
Which of the following conditions is an example of pathological hypertrophy?
Metaplasia is best defined as:
Metaplasia is best defined as:
Which of the following is an example of epithelial metaplasia?
Which of the following is an example of epithelial metaplasia?
Which type of metaplasia involves the formation of bone tissue in areas where it is not normally found?
Which type of metaplasia involves the formation of bone tissue in areas where it is not normally found?
The transformation of normal esophageal epithelium to gastric-like epithelium is referred to as:
The transformation of normal esophageal epithelium to gastric-like epithelium is referred to as:
What is a potential clinical risk associated with metaplasia?
What is a potential clinical risk associated with metaplasia?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of dysplasia?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of dysplasia?
An increased N/C ratio in a cell typically indicates:
An increased N/C ratio in a cell typically indicates:
Irregular nuclear membrane is a characteristic feature of:
Irregular nuclear membrane is a characteristic feature of:
Which cellular change is characterized by a disordered maturation pattern?
Which cellular change is characterized by a disordered maturation pattern?
Dysplasia is considered a:
Dysplasia is considered a:
Which factor does NOT influence the risk of invasive cancer in dysplasia?
Which factor does NOT influence the risk of invasive cancer in dysplasia?
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by:
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by:
Which of the following BEST describes carcinoma in situ?
Which of the following BEST describes carcinoma in situ?
Which of the following best differenciates dysplasia from cancer?
Which of the following best differenciates dysplasia from cancer?
Which of the following cellular adaptations does NOT typically involve changes in cell size?
Which of the following cellular adaptations does NOT typically involve changes in cell size?
A pathologist observes a tissue sample with cells displaying increased mitotic activity and some loss of normal cellular arrangement, but no breach of the basement membrane. The MOST likely diagnosis is:
A pathologist observes a tissue sample with cells displaying increased mitotic activity and some loss of normal cellular arrangement, but no breach of the basement membrane. The MOST likely diagnosis is:
A researcher is studying tissue samples from the respiratory tract of smokers. Which type of cellular adaptation is MOST likely to be observed in the epithelial lining?
A researcher is studying tissue samples from the respiratory tract of smokers. Which type of cellular adaptation is MOST likely to be observed in the epithelial lining?
A patient presents with an enlarged thyroid gland due to increased TSH stimulation. Microscopic examination reveals an increased number of thyroid follicle cells. This is BEST characterized as:
A patient presents with an enlarged thyroid gland due to increased TSH stimulation. Microscopic examination reveals an increased number of thyroid follicle cells. This is BEST characterized as:
A patient who suffered a stroke experiences paralysis on one side of their body. Over time, the muscles in the paralyzed limb decrease in size. This is MOST likely due to which of the following mechanisms?
A patient who suffered a stroke experiences paralysis on one side of their body. Over time, the muscles in the paralyzed limb decrease in size. This is MOST likely due to which of the following mechanisms?
A woman who has gone through menopause experiences a decrease in the size of her uterus. This is primarily due to:
A woman who has gone through menopause experiences a decrease in the size of her uterus. This is primarily due to:
A researcher is studying the effects of chronic ischemia on kidney tissue. Which of the following cellular adaptations is MOST likely to be observed?
A researcher is studying the effects of chronic ischemia on kidney tissue. Which of the following cellular adaptations is MOST likely to be observed?
A 60-year-old patient has a history of chronic acid reflux. An endoscopy reveals that the normal squamous epithelium of the lower esophagus has been replaced by columnar epithelium containing goblet cells. This cellular adaptation is BEST described as:
A 60-year-old patient has a history of chronic acid reflux. An endoscopy reveals that the normal squamous epithelium of the lower esophagus has been replaced by columnar epithelium containing goblet cells. This cellular adaptation is BEST described as:
A molecular biologist is investigating the mechanisms that control cell proliferation. Which of the following factors plays a CRITICAL role in regulating the rate of cell proliferation?
A molecular biologist is investigating the mechanisms that control cell proliferation. Which of the following factors plays a CRITICAL role in regulating the rate of cell proliferation?
Flashcards
Normal Cell Growth & Maturation
Normal Cell Growth & Maturation
The cells continue to grow, divide, and mature to maintain the normal structure of a particular tissue.
Labile Cells
Labile Cells
Cells that are continuously dividing.
Stable/Quiescent cells
Stable/Quiescent cells
Cells that are in a resting state but can divide when stimulated.
Permanent Cells
Permanent Cells
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Abnormal Growth
Abnormal Growth
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Control of Tissue Growth Balance
Control of Tissue Growth Balance
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Atrophy
Atrophy
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Atrophy of disuse
Atrophy of disuse
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Denervation Atrophy
Denervation Atrophy
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Atrophy Due to Loss of Hormones
Atrophy Due to Loss of Hormones
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Atrophy Due to Lack of Nutrients
Atrophy Due to Lack of Nutrients
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Senile Atrophy
Senile Atrophy
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Atrophy Due to Loss Of Blood Supply
Atrophy Due to Loss Of Blood Supply
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Pressure Atrophy
Pressure Atrophy
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Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy
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Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia
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Physiological hypertrophy & hyperplasia
Physiological hypertrophy & hyperplasia
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Pathological Hypertrophy & hyperplasia
Pathological Hypertrophy & hyperplasia
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Metaplasia
Metaplasia
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Epithelial Metaplasia
Epithelial Metaplasia
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Mesenchymal Metaplasia
Mesenchymal Metaplasia
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Squamous Metaplasia
Squamous Metaplasia
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Intestinal Metaplasia
Intestinal Metaplasia
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Dysplasia
Dysplasia
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Increased Rate of Multiplication
Increased Rate of Multiplication
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Dysplasia clinical significance
Dysplasia clinical significance
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Carcinoma in situ
Carcinoma in situ
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Study Notes
- Cells grow, divide, and mature to maintain normal tissue structure.
Cell Types
- Labile cells continuously divide.
- Stable cells are quiescent.
- Permanent cells do not divide.
Abnormal Growth
- Results in an increase or decrease in tissue mass.
- Growth is controlled by cell proliferation, differentiation, and death.
- Tissue growth reflects the balance between cell proliferation and death.
- Proliferation rate is determined by growth factors and their receptors.
- Abnormal growth includes atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia.
Atrophy
- Decrease in tissue or organ size from a reduction in cell size or number.
Atrophy Causes
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Decreased workload (disuse)
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Loss of innervation (denervation)
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Diminished blood supply (ischemia)
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Inadequate nutrition
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Loss of endocrine stimulation
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Aging (senile)
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Pressure
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Atrophy of disuse occurs in immobilized skeletal muscle and bone.
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Muscle size can be restored through compensatory hypertrophy.
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Bone atrophy results from more rapid bone resorption than formation.
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Denervation atrophy occurs in skeletal muscle due to nerve supply damage.
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Temporary denervation can be treated with physical therapy and electrical stimulation.
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Hormone loss leads to atrophy in the endometrium, breast, and endocrine glands.
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Severe protein malnutrition causes muscle atrophy as the body uses muscle for energy (e.g., marasmus).
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Senile atrophy occurs with aging, especially in the brain and heart.
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Ischemia from cerebrovascular disease can cause atrophy.
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Prolonged tissue compression causes pressure atrophy.
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A spinal cord neoplasm can cause atrophy in the spinal cord and surrounding vertebra.
Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
- Occur when increased metabolic activity cannot be met through cell multiplication alone.
- Hyperplasia occurs when cells are stimulated to undergo mitotic division, increasing cell number.
- Increases tissue size due to an increased number of component cells.
- This accounting for increased size in tissues composed of labile or stable cells.
- Increased tissue size can be due to a combination of hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
Physiological Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
- Adaptations to increased demand.
- Examples: skeletal muscle hypertrophy in athletes, uterine myometrial hypertrophy in pregnancy, bone marrow hyperplasia at high altitudes, and breast hyperplasia in pregnancy and lactation, lymph node hyperplasia.
Pathological Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
- Occur without an appropriate stimulus or increased functional demand.
- Examples: myocardial hypertrophy without a clear cause, endometrial hyperplasia.
Metaplasia
- Abnormal growth principally involving differentiation.
Epithelial Metaplasia
- Squamous metaplasia occurs in the bronchus, endocervix, and urinary bladder.
- Intestinal metaplasia occurs in the esophagus and stomach.
- Gastric metaplasia occurs in the esophagus and intestine.
- Serous or mucinous metaplasia occurs in the germinal epithelium of the ovary.
Mesenchymal Metaplasia
- Osseous metaplasia occurs in fibrous scars and areas of calcification.
- Chondroid metaplasia.
Metaplasia Clinical Significance
- Most metaplasia is of little significance.
- Functional deficits may result in some areas.
- Dysplastic changes, potentially leading to cancer, can occur in metaplastic epithelium.
Dysplasia
- Abnormal growth involving both differentiation and maturation.
Dysplasia Features
- Nuclear abnormalities: increased N/C ratio, irregular nuclear membrane, increased chromatin content.
- Cytoplasmic abnormalities due to failure of normal maturation.
- Increased rate of multiplication.
- Disordered maturation.
Dysplasia Clinical Significance
- It is a premalignant condition.
- The risk of invasive cancer varies with the grade, duration, and site of dysplasia.
Carcinoma In Situ
- A true neoplasm with malignant features but without invasiveness.
- Displays cytological features of malignancy without basement membrane invasion.
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Description
Normal tissue structure is maintained by cell growth, division, and maturation. Abnormal growth results in an increase or decrease in tissue mass. Atrophy is a decrease in tissue size due to a reduction in cell size or number.
