Cell Division Overview and DNA
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Cell Division Overview and DNA

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of the fertilization process?

  • Sister chromatids
  • Two haploid gametes
  • A haploid cell
  • A diploid zygote (correct)

    • Sister chromatids are formed during the process of meiosis.

    False

    What is the term for the stage where the chromosome number is reduced by half during gamete formation?

    meiosis

    During interphase, chromosomes undergo _______ to prepare for cell division.

    <p>replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason new cells are produced?

    <p>To replace damaged or old cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Diploid (2n) = A cell with two sets of chromosomes Haploid (1n) = A cell with one set of chromosomes Zygote = The fertilized egg Sister chromatids = Identical copies of a chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells originate from the spontaneous generation of matter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the tightly coiled forms of DNA that are visible during cell division called?

    <p>chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human body cells have _____ chromosomes.

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Chromatids = Duplicated chromosomes held together by the centromere Histones = Proteins around which DNA is coiled Karyotype = A picture of chromosomes arranged by size Autosomes = The first 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do most eukaryotic organisms typically have in their body cells?

    <p>10 to 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotic cells contain multiple linear chromosomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sex chromosomes for a male human?

    <p>XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the synthesis (S) stage in interphase?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Binary fission is a type of sexual reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of asexual reproduction.

    <p>Mitosis or binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the G1 phase, the cell primarily undergoes ______.

    <p>growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of the cell cycle with their descriptions:

    <p>G1 = Primary growth phase after cell division S = DNA is replicated G2 = Preparation for mitosis M = Process of mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process divides a prokaryotic cell into two identical cells?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in cells that are identical to the parent cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms between double chromosomes during binary fission?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Meiosis I?

    <p>Haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crossing-over occurs during Anaphase I.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when homologous chromosomes join during Prophase I?

    <p>Tetrad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During _____, homologous chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of Meiosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Prophase I = Homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs Metaphase I = Homologous pairs align at the cell's equator Anaphase I = Homologs separate to opposite poles Telophase I = Nuclear envelopes reform and cytokinesis occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does crossing-over have on genetic diversity?

    <p>Increases it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Meiosis II, sister chromatids are separated and not homologous chromosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when homologous chromosomes exchange pieces during Prophase I?

    <p>Crossing-over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced at the end of Meiosis II?

    <p>Four haploid cells with different alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During oogenesis, four viable eggs are produced from one primary oocyte.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of meiosis involves the alignment of chromosomes along the cell equator?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spermatogenesis occurs in the ________ and produces __________ sperm per day.

    <p>testes, 250000000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their locations:

    <p>Spermatogenesis = Testes Oogenesis = Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the polar bodies produced during oogenesis?

    <p>They die due to unequal cytoplasm division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaphase II is the stage where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many divisions occur during Meiosis?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process that produces sperm is known as __________.

    <p>spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of Meiosis II with their descriptions:

    <p>Prophase II = Nuclear envelope fragments and spindle forms. Metaphase II = Chromosomes align along the equator. Anaphase II = Sister chromatids separate. Telophase II = Nuclear envelope assembles and cytokinesis occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Cell Division

    • All cells originate from pre-existing cells, a principle established by cell theory.
    • New cells are created for growth and to replace damaged or old cells.
    • Cell division mechanisms vary between prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, protists).

    DNA and Cell Identity

    • DNA contains the instructions for cell structure and function, ensuring new cells receive complete DNA sets.
    • Accurate DNA replication is essential before any cell division.

    DNA Replication Process

    • DNA replication occurs prior to cell division, producing two identical DNA strands for each new cell.

    Chromosomes in Organisms

    • Prokaryotes contain a single, circular chromosome attached to the cell membrane.
    • Eukaryotic cells organize their genetic information into linear chromosomes, with 10 to 50 chromosomes in most organisms.
    • Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.

    Chromatin and Chromosomes

    • Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled DNA molecules and are not visible when cells aren't dividing, existing as chromatin.
    • DNA is organized around proteins known as histones during coiling.

    Identical Daughter Cells

    • After mitosis, cells produce two identical daughter cells, important for tissue growth and repair.

    Chromatid Formation

    • During division, duplicated chromosomes form sister chromatids, connected at the centromere.

    Karyotype

    • A karyotype is a visual representation of chromosomes from a human cell, classified into autosomes (first 22 pairs) and sex chromosomes (23rd pair, XX or XY).

    Reproductive Strategies

    • Asexual reproduction produces identical daughter cells through processes like mitosis and binary fission.
    • Sexual reproduction involves two gametes (egg and sperm) forming a genetically unique zygote, facilitated by meiosis.

    Cell Cycle Phases

    • The cell cycle consists of phases:
      • G1 (growth),
      • S (synthesis – DNA replication),
      • G2 (preparation for division),
      • M (mitosis), and
      • C (cytokinesis).

    Interphase Stages

    • Interphase is divided into three stages:
      • G1 focuses on cellular growth and metabolism,
      • S involves DNA synthesis,
      • G2 prepares the cell for division by producing organelles needed for mitosis.

    Meiosis Overview

    • Meiosis is a two-part process reducing chromosome count by half, producing haploid gametes (sperm and egg) with genetic diversity via independent assortment and crossing-over.

    Crossing-Over in Meiosis

    • Crossing-over occurs when homologous chromosomes exchange pieces, resulting in genetic recombination and increased diversity in gametes.

    Meiosis I and II

    • Meiosis I separates homologs and reduces the diploid cell to haploid, while Meiosis II divides sister chromatids, resulting in four unique haploid cells.

    Gametogenesis

    • Spermatogenesis takes place in male testes, yielding four sperm from one primary spermatocyte.
    • Oogenesis occurs in female ovaries, producing one egg and three polar bodies from one primary oocyte due to unequal cytoplasmic division.

    Comparison: Mitosis vs. Meiosis

    • Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells via one division, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse gametes through two divisions.

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    Description

    Explore the principles of cell division, covering both prokaryotic and eukaryotic mechanisms. Understand the critical role of DNA replication in producing new cells, as well as the structure and function of chromosomes in various organisms. This quiz will test your knowledge on these fundamental biological processes.

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