Cell Division and Genetic Inheritance

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Questions and Answers

How does the cell ensure accurate DNA segregation during mitosis?

  • By skipping DNA repair mechanisms during the S phase to expedite cell division.
  • By relying on the random distribution of chromosomes during cell division.
  • By employing checkpoints like the G2 checkpoint that verify accurate and complete DNA replication before mitosis. (correct)
  • By initiating DNA replication only after mitosis is complete.

What cellular process is most affected by the disruption of the FtsZ protein function in bacteria?

  • Septum formation during cell division (correct)
  • Cell wall synthesis
  • DNA replication
  • Energy production

How might a mutation in a proto-oncogene lead to cancer?

  • By promoting cellular differentiation, leading to specialized cells.
  • By enhancing DNA repair mechanisms, correcting mutations.
  • By slowing down the cell cycle, preventing rapid division.
  • By accelerating the cell cycle or preventing programmed cell death. (correct)

What is the functional significance of homologous chromosomes in the context of inheritance?

<p>They carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implications does the permanent nondivision state of mature nerve and muscle cells have for tissue repair after injury?

<p>Damage to these tissues often results in permanent functional deficits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sister chromatids contribute to maintaining genetic consistency during cell division?

<p>By ensuring each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between gene mutations and protein function?

<p>Gene mutations can alter the nucleotide sequence, potentially changing the amino acid sequence and function of a protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is cytokinesis essential for cell division?

<p>It divides the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the formation of a cell plate contribute to plant cell division?

<p>It forms a new cell wall between the two daughter cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the S phase within the cell cycle?

<p>Genetic material is duplicated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would the absence of a G2 checkpoint affect cell division?

<p>Cells would divide with damaged or incompletely replicated DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you distinguish prophase from other mitotic phases under a microscope?

<p>The nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes condense. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event characterizes anaphase?

<p>The separation of sister chromatids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does binary fission differ from mitosis?

<p>Binary fission does not involve the formation of a spindle apparatus or distinct phases like prophase or metaphase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could the disruption of telophase affect the resulting daughter cells?

<p>The nuclear envelope might not reform correctly, potentially leading to genetic abnormalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

S phase

The portion of the cell cycle where chromosomes are duplicated.

Non-dividing cells

Mature human nerve and muscle cells that are permanently in a state of non-division.

Cytokinesis

The separation of the cytoplasm of a cell during cell division.

G2 Checkpoint Requirement

Accurate and complete DNA replication is necessary for a cell to pass this cell cycle checkpoint.

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Anaphase

The stage of mitosis characterized by the separation of sister chromatids.

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S phase

The phase during which genetic material is duplicated.

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Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where eukaryotic cells spend most of their time.

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Sister chromatids

Identical structures that make up each chromosome prior to mitosis.

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Sister chromatids

Structures joined together at a centromere.

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Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles.

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Genes

The specific combination of inherited units that determine an organism's traits.

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Homologous chromosomes

Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics.

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FtsZ proteins

Directs the formation of a septum that will eventually form the new cell walls of the daughter cells.

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Gene mutations

Changes to the nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

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Prophase

The stage of mitosis when individual chromosomes become visible with a light microscope.

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Study Notes

  • Chromosomes are duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.
  • Mature human nerve and muscle cells are permanently in a state of nondivision.
  • Cytokinesis is the separation of the cytoplasm during cell division.
  • Accurate and complete DNA replication is necessary for a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint.
  • Anaphase is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids.
  • Genetic material is duplicated during the S phase.
  • Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in interphase.
  • Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical sister chromatids.
  • Sister chromatids are joined together at a centromere.
  • During metaphase, chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles.
  • An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited genes.
  • Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics are homologous chromosomes.
  • FtsZ proteins direct the formation of a septum that will eventually form the new cell walls of daughter cells.
  • Gene mutations are changes to the nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
  • Individual chromosomes become visible with a light microscope during prophase.
  • A proto-oncogene is a gene that codes for a positive cell cycle regulator.
  • Plant cell division is distinguished from animal cell division by the formation of a cell plate.
  • Mitosis is a eukaryotic cell-cycle event that is missing in binary fission.
  • During telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms.
  • During interphase, cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes occurs.

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