Cell Development and Stem Cell Therapies
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Questions and Answers

What occurs to ESC cells as the early embryo develops?

  • They fully differentiate into highly specialized cells
  • They become redundant and die
  • They differentiate into more specialized cell types and organize into structures (correct)
  • They remain in a semi-differentiated state
  • What is a characteristic of adult stem cells?

  • They are oligopotent or unipotent (correct)
  • They do not regenerate tissues
  • They are multipotent
  • They are pluripotent
  • What is the role of adult stem cells in the body?

  • To proliferate indefinitely
  • To regenerate entire organs
  • To enable continuous regeneration and self-renewal of tissues (correct)
  • To replace embryonic stem cells
  • What is the classification of stem cells based on their origin?

    <p>Based on their origin into five categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a stem cell?

    <p>A cell that can divide indefinitely and produce differentiated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

    <p>Their differentiation potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in working with adult stem cells?

    <p>Their limited proliferation in vitro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a question being researched in the field of adult stem cells?

    <p>How to stimulate proliferation of adult stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of regenerative medicine?

    <p>To improve the health quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of organ transplantation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential of embryonic stem (ESC) cells?

    <p>To become any of the different cell types found in adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an approach of regenerative medicine?

    <p>Gene Editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to tissues like bone and muscle when they are injured?

    <p>They can regenerate but not across a large gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in engineering and manufacturing artificial tissues and organs?

    <p>Replacing the strength, form, function, and biocompatibility of natural tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cell types are derived from a single fertilized egg?

    <p>Around 200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of injury to tissues like spinal cord, heart muscle, and pancreas?

    <p>Scar tissue forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stem cell niche?

    <p>To control genes and properties of stemness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mesenchyme?

    <p>A mass of tissue that develops mainly from the mesoderm of the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of MSCs?

    <p>They are capable of differentiating into several connective tissue cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a component of the stem cell niche?

    <p>Signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of MSCs?

    <p>To repair damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of stem cell niches?

    <p>They are highly innervated and densely vascularized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stem cell niche in stem cell development?

    <p>To control genes and properties of stemness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of cell that can be generated by MSCs?

    <p>Osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Embryonic Development

    • ESC cells differentiate into specialized cell types and organize into structures that become tissues and organs.
    • Most cells fully differentiate into highly specialized cells, while some remain in a “semi-differentiated” state as adult stem (AS) cells.

    Stem Cells

    • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specific cell types.
    • They have the ability to repair damaged cells in the living organism.
    • Stem cells can be classified based on their differentiation potential and origin.

    Stem Cell Classification

    • Based on differentiation potential:
      • Pluripotent (can produce all cell types)
      • Multipotent (can produce several cell types)
      • Oligopotent (can produce a limited number of cell types)
      • Unipotent (can produce only one cell type)
    • Based on origin:
      • Embryonic (pluripotent)
      • Fetal (multipotent)
      • Perinatal (multipotent)
      • Adult (tissue-specific) (oligopotent or unipotent)
      • iPS (pluripotent)

    Adult Stem Cells

    • Adult stem cells (ASC) reside within organs/tissues of an adult and play a crucial role in tissue regeneration and self-renewal.
    • They are oligopotent in the best case or unipotent in most cases.
    • Continuous regeneration of the body is enabled through proliferation and differentiation of resident stem cells.

    Adult Stem Cell Sources

    • Three easy-to-access sources of adult stem cells:
      • Bone marrow
      • Fat
      • Menstrual or peripheral blood
    • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can generate the mesenchyme and differentiate into several connective tissue cell types.

    Stem Cell Niche

    • The stem cell niche is the microenvironment that consists of signaling molecules, inter-cellular contact, and interaction between stem cells and their neighboring extracellular matrix (ECM).
    • The niche controls genes and properties of “stemness”, i.e. self-renewal and development to committed cells.

    Clinical Applications

    • Stem cells are used in the treatment of various diseases and conditions, including:
      • Wounds
      • Orthopedics
      • Hematological pathology
      • Impairments of the brain
      • Diabetes
      • Lung diseases
      • Allergy and asthma
      • Immunodeficiency
      • Metabolic disorders
      • Cancer
      • Autoimmune diseases

    Regenerative Medicine

    • Regenerative medicine aims to improve the health quality of life by growing cells and tissues that can replace and/or repair defective tissues and organs.
    • Approaches of regenerative medicine:
      • Cell therapies
      • Tissue engineering
      • Implantation of bioartificial tissues
      • Gene therapy

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    Description

    Learn about the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into specialized cell types and the roles of adult stem cells in cell therapies.

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