Cell Differentiation and Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the shape of the nucleus in a mature neutrophil?

Lobulated

Horseshoe shaped (correct)

Circular

Kidney bean shaped

What type of granule is generated in the third stage of granule formation in a neutrophil?

Secondary granule

Tertiary granule (correct)

Primary granule

Secretory granule

What is the color of the cytoplasm in a mature basophil?

Blue-gray (correct)

Orange-red

Refractile

Colorless (correct)

What is the function of Mcl-1 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in neutrophils during infection?

Prolong lifespan through anti-apoptotic signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of a basophil?

60 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the receptor that triggers the death and phagocytosis of neutrophils?

MAC-1 Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell does a promonocyte differentiate into?

Macrophage Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of IL-3 and IL-25 in basophils?

Activate anti-apoptotic pathways Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the stage in which a myeloblast differentiates into a mature neutrophil?

Metamyelocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Bcl-2 family members in neutrophils?

Regulate spontaneous apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of secretory vesicles in g cells?

To store and release cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of VEGF in immune response?

To express growth factors and enhance angiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells can activate both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes?

Antigen-presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cytolysis?

Death of target cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mucosal surfaces in immune response?

To act as a barrier function Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity involves the activation of B and T lymphocytes?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of endothelial cells in immune response?

To enhance angiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of granules in g cells?

To store and release cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of development for mast cells?

Bone marrow and spleen Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) cells?

They give rise to both granulocytes and monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Treg cells?

To regulate the immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of promyelocytes?

They have a round to oval nucleus with eccentric paranuclear halo Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of IL-3 in eosinophil development?

It stimulates the differentiation of eosinophils from hematopoietic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of neutrophil granules?

They are water-soluble and may be dissolved if blood film is washed Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of development for T-lymphocytes?

Thymus only Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of monocyte morphology?

They have a kidney-shaped nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CD8+ cells?

To kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of basophil granules?

They are charcot-Leyden crystals Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Development and Maturation

Stem cell pool: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
First progenitor: Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) for neutrophils and monocytes, and Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP) for B and T cells
Second progenitor: Granulocyte-Monocyte Progenitor (GMP) for neutrophils and monocytes, and Eosinophil-Basophil Progenitor (EBP) for eosinophils and basophils

Neutrophils

Development site: Bone marrow
Stem cell pool: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
First progenitor: Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)
Second progenitor: Granulocyte-Monocyte Progenitor (GMP)
Production: 0.9 and 1.0 x 10^9 cells/kg per day
Transit: 6 days from myeloblast to myelocyte
Maturation: 3.5 days from myelocyte to mature neutrophil
Life span: 2 to 5 days
Function: Phagocytosis and anti-apoptotic signals
Characteristics: Multilobed nucleus, pink to lavender color, granules that react with both acid and basic stains

Eosinophils

Development site: Bone marrow
Stem cell pool: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
First progenitor: Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)
Second progenitor: Eosinophil-Basophil Progenitor (EBP)
Maturation time: 3.5 days
Life span: 60 hours
Function: Anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory responses
Characteristics: Bilobed nucleus, refractile, orange-red secondary granules

Basophils

Development site: Bone marrow
Stem cell pool: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
First progenitor: Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)
Second progenitor: Eosinophil-Basophil Progenitor (EBP)
Maturation time: 3.5 days
Life span: 60 hours
Function: Inflammation and allergic responses
Characteristics: Lobulated nucleus, acidophilic granules that stain with basic stains

Monocytes and Macrophages

Development site: Bone marrow and spleen
Stem cell pool: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
First progenitor: Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)
Second progenitor: Granulocyte-Monocyte Progenitor (GMP)
Production: No storage pool of mature monocytes
Maturation: 2 mitotic divisions in 60 hours = 4 monocytes, or 4 mitotic divisions in 60 hours = 16 monocytes in the presence of infection
Life span: No storage pool of mature monocytes
Function: Phagocytosis and antigen presentation
Characteristics: Indented, horseshoe-shaped or folded nucleus, blue-gray cytoplasm with fine azure granules

Lymphocytes

Development site: Bone marrow and thymus
Stem cell pool: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
First progenitor: Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)
Second progenitor: B Lymphocyte Progenitor or T Lymphocyte Progenitor
Function: Adaptive immunity
Characteristics: Mononuclear cells, not segmented, round, oval, indented, or folded nucleus

Natural Killer Cells

Development site: Bone marrow and thymus
Stem cell pool: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
First progenitor: Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)
Second progenitor: NK Cell Progenitor
Function: Innate immunity, killing tumor cells and virus-infected cells
Characteristics: CD56+CD16+CD3- cells, large granular lymphocytes### G Cell Function
G cells release preformed cytokines through degranulation, inducing the differentiation of TH2 cells.
Secretory vesicles in G cells contain specific granules that migrate to the plasma membrane and fuse to empty their contents into the extracellular space.
This process releases specific proteins into the mucosal surfaces.

Immunosuppressive Functions

G cells play a role in angiogenesis through the expression of growth factors like VEGF and its receptors.
They suppress the immune response by degrading antigens and removing proteins from macrophages and dendritic cells.

Immunologic Functions

G cells act as "gate keepers" due to their location in the mucosal surfaces and their role in barrier function.
They activate both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes to initiate the adaptive immune response.
G cells present antigen fragments on their surfaces, acting as antigen-presenting cells.

Cytolysis

Cytolysis occurs when extracellular antigens are degraded by G cells, leading to the initiation of the adaptive immune response.

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Description

This quiz explores the process of cell differentiation and development, including the formation of neutrophils, macrophages, osteoblasts, and other cell types.