Biology Chapter on Cell Division and Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

  • Adult stem cells are more likely to cause cancer than embryonic stem cells.
  • Adult stem cells are found in the bone marrow, while embryonic stem cells are found in the blood.
  • Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into a wider range of cell types than adult stem cells. (correct)
  • Embryonic stem cells are found in the brain, while adult stem cells are found in the heart.

    • What process directly follows gastrulation in the development of an organism?

  • Differentiation
  • Organogenesis (correct)
  • Cytokinesis
  • Cell division

    • Which of the following represents the correct hierarchical organization of structures in a multicellular organism, from smallest to largest?

  • Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism (correct)
  • Organism - Organ System - Organ - Tissue - Cell
  • Organ - Tissue - Cell - Organ System - Organism
  • Organ System - Organ - Tissue - Cell - Organism

    • The cell cycle is a continuous process, but for descriptive purposes, it is divided into three main phases. What are these phases?

    <p>Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

    <p>To repair damaged tissues and allow for growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>Interphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the fact that the fertilized egg (zygote) undergoes repeated cell division?

    <p>It allows for the development of a multicellular organism from a single cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows for the development of specialized cells with different functions?

    <p>Differentiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>DNA replication occurs, doubling the number of chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a gene?

    <p>To provide instructions for making a protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of telomeres?

    <p>They protect the ends of the DNA molecule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?

    <p>A chromatid is a duplicated chromosome, while a chromosome is the original, unduplicated form. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the state of chromosomes at the end of interphase?

    <p>Chromosomes are duplicated, with two sister chromatids linked together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?

    <p>S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitosis?

    <p>To repair damaged tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes are present in a human body cell at the end of interphase?

    <p>46 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?

    <p>Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart during anaphase, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane re-form around the chromosomes?

    <p>Telophase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why cells need to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio?

    <p>To allow for efficient exchange of substances, such as nutrients and waste products, between the cell and its surroundings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell division is responsible for producing sperm and egg cells?

    <p>Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of external regulation of the cell cycle?

    <p>The release of growth hormones by the pituitary gland can stimulate cell division in target tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and cytokinesis in animal cells?

    <p>Plant cells undergo cytokinesis by forming a cell plate, while animal cells form a cleavage furrow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle?

    <p>This checkpoint determines whether the cell has sufficient nutrients and signals to proceed with cell division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prophase in mitosis?

    <p>Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of apoptosis?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

    <p>Benign tumors cannot spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors can. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a carcinogen?

    <p>Tobacco smoke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is most likely to be disrupted in cancer cells?

    <p>G1 phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Resting state for non-dividing cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cell Division

    The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

    Mitosis

    A type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, maintaining the same genetic information.

    Meiosis

    A specialized type of cell division that produces gametes with half the genetic material.

    Cell Differentiation

    The process by which less specialized cells become more specialized in function and structure.

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    Stem Cells

    Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to specialized cells.

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    Organogenesis

    The process of organ and organ system formation during embryonic development.

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    Cell Cycle

    The repeated cycle of growth, DNA replication, and cell division in eukaryotic cells.

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    Interphase

    The phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division.

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    G1 Phase

    The phase where the cell grows and makes proteins.

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    S Phase

    The phase where DNA replication occurs, doubling chromosomes.

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    G2 Phase

    The phase of further cell growth and protein synthesis.

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    Chromosome

    A long thread of DNA consisting of genes and regulatory information.

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    Gene

    A section of DNA that contains instructions for making a protein.

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    Chromatid

    One half of a duplicated chromosome.

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    Centromere

    The pinched region of a condensed chromosome.

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    Apoptosis

    Programmed cell death controlled by internal and external signals that activate self-destructive enzymes.

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    Cancer

    Uncontrolled cell division due to the breakdown of cell cycle regulation, leading to tumor formation.

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    Tumors

    Clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably; can be benign (harmless) or malignant (harmful).

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    Carcinogens

    Substances that cause cancer by mutating DNA; examples include tobacco smoke and asbestos.

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    Prophase

    First stage of mitosis; chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form.

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    Metaphase

    Second stage of mitosis; chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers connect to centromeres.

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    Anaphase

    Third stage of mitosis; sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

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    Telophase

    Final stage of mitosis; chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane re-forms, spindle fibers break down.

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    Cytokinesis

    The division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells, resulting in two complete cells.

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    Cell Cycle Regulation

    Control of the cell cycle by chemical signals, ensuring orderly division.

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    Checkpoints

    Critical points in the cell cycle that regulate the progression of the cycle via signals.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Cycle and Cancer

    • The cell cycle is a repeating pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division in eukaryotic cells.
    • Two key purposes of cell division are growth and repair.
    • The cell cycle consists of three main phases: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
    • Interphase is the growth phase.
      • G1 phase: cell grows and makes proteins.
      • S phase: DNA replication occurs, doubling the number of chromosomes.
      • G2 phase: more cell growth and protein synthesis occurs.
    • Mitosis is the division phase of the cell cycle where one cell becomes two identical daughter cells.
      • Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form.
      • Metaphase: Spindle fibers connect to the centromere, and chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
      • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, pulling away from each other. Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.
      • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, and a nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes. Spindle fibers break down, and cytokinesis begins.
    • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells.
      • In plant cells, a cell plate forms in the middle, dividing the nuclei and eventually becoming a membrane.
      • In animal cells, a cleavage furrow pinches the cell into two equal parts.
    • Cell differentiation is the process that creates specialized structures and functions.
      • Specialized cells become tissues, organs and organ systems.
      • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can become specialized.
        • Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have never differentiated.
        • Adult stem cells are partially differentiated cells found in adult bone marrow that can become bone, blood, cartilage, fat, and connective tissue.
    • Organogenesis is the formation of body organs and organ systems, following gastrulation.

    DNA Vocabulary

    • Chromosome: a long continuous thread of DNA that consists of thousands of genes and regulatory information.
    • Gene: a section of DNA that contains the instructions for making a protein.
    • Each human body cell has 46 chromosomes, occurring in pairs of homologous chromosomes.
    • In normal body cells, each chromosome has a matching (homologous) chromosome.
    • Chromatid: one half of a duplicated chromosome.
    • Sister chromatids: two identical chromatids.
    • Centromere: the region of condensed chromosomes that looks pinched.
    • Telomere: the ends of the DNA molecule.

    Cell Cycle Regulation

    • A chemical control system regulates the cell cycle.
    • Proteins play a key role in cell cycle regulation.
    • External signals (e.g., hormones, nutrients) and internal signals (e.g., DNA inside the cell) regulate the cell cycle.
    • Checkpoints are critical points where "stop" and "go" signals can regulate the cycle.
    • checkpoints regulate the cycle during G1 phase, G2, M phase.

    Apoptosis

    • Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
    • Internal/external signals activate genes that produce self-destructive enzymes.
    • The nucleus shrinks. The cell breaks apart.
    • Examples include webbing of fingers and toes in development, as well as preventing tumors.

    Cancer

    • Cancer is uncontrolled cell division.
    • This happens when the regulation of the cell cycle breaks down.
    • Cancer cells divide more often than healthy cells.
    • This leads to tumors, which are clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably.
      • Benign tumors remain clustered and are often easily removed.
      • Malignant tumors spread to other parts of the body (metastasize), through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

    Causes of Cancer

    • Biological factors (age, genetics, skin type)
    • Lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, sun exposure)
    • Viruses and other infections
    • Exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing agents such as chemicals like tobacco smoke, asbestos).

    Practice Cell Cycle and Cancer Stations

    • There are practice activities that pertain to cell cycles and cancer.

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    Cell Cycle and Cancer for Videos (PDF)

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts related to cell division, embryonic development, and genetic information in this quiz. Explore topics such as stem cells, the cell cycle phases, and the significance of telomeres. Perfect for biology students who want to deepen their understanding of these fundamental processes.

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