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Questions and Answers
The solution inside a cell is called cell ______
The solution inside a cell is called cell ______
sap
The central vacuole can hold reserves of important ______ compounds.
The central vacuole can hold reserves of important ______ compounds.
organic
Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one ______ to another
Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one ______ to another
form
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular ______.
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular ______.
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Chloroplasts are the sites of ______.
Chloroplasts are the sites of ______.
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The inner membrane of the mitochondria is convoluted, with infoldings called ______.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is convoluted, with infoldings called ______.
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The space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria is called the ______ space.
The space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria is called the ______ space.
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The ______ is enclosed by the inner membrane and contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.
The ______ is enclosed by the inner membrane and contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.
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The green pigment, ______, is found in chloroplasts.
The green pigment, ______, is found in chloroplasts.
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Photosynthetic production of ______ takes place in the chloroplasts.
Photosynthetic production of ______ takes place in the chloroplasts.
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[Blank] are flattened, interconnected sacs inside chloroplasts.
[Blank] are flattened, interconnected sacs inside chloroplasts.
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The fluid outside the thylakoids is the ______, which contains the chloroplast DNA.
The fluid outside the thylakoids is the ______, which contains the chloroplast DNA.
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Peroxisomes contain enzymes that produce ______ as a by-product.
Peroxisomes contain enzymes that produce ______ as a by-product.
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Peroxisomes in the liver detoxify alcohol and other harmful ______.
Peroxisomes in the liver detoxify alcohol and other harmful ______.
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Specialized peroxisomes called ______ are found in the fat-storing tissues of plant seeds.
Specialized peroxisomes called ______ are found in the fat-storing tissues of plant seeds.
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Peroxisomes grow by incorporating proteins and ______ made in the ER.
Peroxisomes grow by incorporating proteins and ______ made in the ER.
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The Golgi apparatus manufactures certain macromolecules like ______.
The Golgi apparatus manufactures certain macromolecules like ______.
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The Golgi refines its products in stages, with different ______ containing unique teams of enzymes.
The Golgi refines its products in stages, with different ______ containing unique teams of enzymes.
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Lysosomes are a membranous sac of ______ enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules.
Lysosomes are a membranous sac of ______ enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules.
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In the process of phagocytosis, ______ eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles.
In the process of phagocytosis, ______ eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles.
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The process in which lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell's own organic material is called ______.
The process in which lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell's own organic material is called ______.
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In plants and fungi, which lack lysosomes, ______ carry out hydrolysis.
In plants and fungi, which lack lysosomes, ______ carry out hydrolysis.
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In Tay-Sachs disease, the lysosomes become engorged with ______.
In Tay-Sachs disease, the lysosomes become engorged with ______.
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Mature plant cells generally contain a large ______ vacuole.
Mature plant cells generally contain a large ______ vacuole.
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Study Notes
Cell Components and Functions
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Vacuoles: Diverse compartments for storage and maintenance.
- Central vacuoles in plant cells store organic compounds, ions, waste products, pigments, or poisons.
- They absorb water, aiding plant growth.
- Contractile vacuoles pump out excess water.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Energy Transformers
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Mitochondria: Cellular respiration sites.
- Enclosed by two phospholipid bilayer membranes (outer smooth, inner convoluted with cristae).
- Intermembrane space: between inner and outer membranes.
- Mitochondrial matrix: contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.
- Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, varying in size from 1-10 µm.
- Active, exhibiting movement, shape changes, fusion, and division.
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Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis sites.
- Specialized plastids (similar plant organelles).
- Contain chlorophyll and enzymes for sugar production.
- Membrane-bound compartments (intermembrane space, stroma, thylakoid space).
- Thylakoids: flattened, interconnected sacs (sometimes stacked as grana).
- Stroma: fluid outside the thylakoids, containing DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.
- Exhibit changes in shape and growth, reproducing by division.
Peroxisomes: Oxidative Organelles
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Peroxisomes: Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane, not part of endomembrane system.
- Break down substrates using oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (a byproduct; detoxified by enzymes within the peroxisome).
- Involved in fatty acid breakdown.
- Detoxify harmful compounds (like alcohol) in the liver.
- Some peroxisomes (called glyoxysomes) are found in plant seeds, converting fatty acids into sugars.
- Import proteins, lipids from cytosol and ER, or they synthesize their own lipids, increasing in size or by splitting.
Cytoskeleton and Other Organelles
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Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other macromolecules (e.g., pectins).
- Modifies and refines products in stages, using different cisternae.
- Sorts products, targets them to different cellular locations.
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Lysosomes: Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes for macromolecule digestion.
- Made by rough ER and transferred to Golgi apparatus for processing.
- Breakdown food particles (phagocytosis) in amoebas.
- Recycle cell's own organic material (autophagy).
- Absent in plants and fungi, where vacuoles do hydrolysis. Tay Sachs disease: Lipids accumulate in lysosomes interfere with cellular activity, damaging the brain.
- Food vacuoles: Temporary storage for ingested food.
- Cytoskeleton: A complex network of fibers that provide structure and support to the cell.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the components of cells, specifically vacuoles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. You'll explore their functions, structures, and importance in cellular processes such as storage and energy transformation. Test your knowledge on these vital organelles and their roles in plant and animal cells.
