27 Questions
Cholesterol can be found in the plasma membrane of cells but not in that of ______
plant; fungal
The tails of histones are modified through ______ in order to regulate the compacting status of chromatin
acetylation; methylation
There is a high concentration of assembled ______ at the nucleolus
ribosomes
Which of the following correctly depict(s)the flow of synthesized molecules within a cell
Rough ER→Golgi complex →lysosome
The ______ of plant cells stores water and solutes
central vacuole
Label the following components shown in the figure: Drag the options into the correct category,and then submit. ______
Mitochondrion
Match the correct option to the figures below: Drag the options into the correct category,and then submit. Process ______
Chloroplast
Cells that crawl generally achieve that by ______
movement;flagella
Youve completed the Self-Assessment. Your score is 75%
Which organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins before they are transported to their destination?
Golgi apparatus
What is the function of the cytoskeleton in a eukaryotic cell?
Providing structural support and facilitating cell movement
Which cellular structure is common to both animal and plant cells?
Plasma membrane
Which organelle processes light energy in eukaryotic cells?
Chloroplast
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?
Protein synthesis
Which of the following structures is absent in animal cells?
Cell wall
What is the function of the central vacuole in plant cells?
Storing water and solutes
What is the structure that contains chromosomes and is surrounded by a double membrane in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
Which organelle contains its own DNA and processes chemical energy through oxidative metabolism?
Mitochondria
Where does ribosome assembly take place?
Nucleolus
Which organelle is responsible for molecule distribution within the cell?
Golgi complex
What distinguishes heterochromatin from euchromatin?
Compactness
Which of the following is/are not part of the endomembrane system?
Nucleosomes
What is/are the difference(s) between a rough and a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Only the rough endoplasmic reticulum is interconnected.
Which of the following features suggest(s) the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
The organelles have folded inner membrane.
Which organelle is believed to have evolved from ancient bacteria?
Mitochondria
What is the function of the contractile vacuole in some protists?
Accumulates and pumps out excess water
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in a eukaryotic cell?
Anchors organelles, supports cell shape, and organizes ribosomes and enzymes
Study Notes
Cellular Structure and Function Overview
- The endomembrane system includes the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
- The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and contains nuclear pores for the passage of proteins and RNA.
- Eukaryotic DNA is organized into linear chromosomes, with histones and nucleosomes packaging the DNA.
- Chromatin can exist as heterochromatin (more compact) or euchromatin (less compact) depending on histone modifications.
- The nucleolus is the site of ribosome assembly, essential for protein synthesis.
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) includes rough ER (with ribosomes for protein synthesis) and smooth ER (for carbohydrate and lipid production).
- Golgi bodies collect, package, and distribute molecules within the cell and give rise to lysosomes for cellular waste breakdown.
- Plant cells contain chloroplasts and a central vacuole, while animal cells contain centrioles.
- The plasma membrane of animal cells contains cholesterol, while plant cells have a cell wall beyond the plasma membrane.
- The endomembrane system is a network of internal membranes in the cell, forming channels, interconnections, and isolated vesicles.
- Chloroplasts are found in plant and protist cells, while only animal cells contain centrioles and vacuoles.
- The endomembrane system is crucial for cellular functions such as protein synthesis, molecule distribution, waste breakdown, and energy production.
Cell Biology at Nanyang Technological University
- Vacuoles in plants store water and dissolved substances, while in some protists, the contractile vacuole accumulates and pumps out excess water.
- The endomembrane system does not include nucleosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum is interconnected, while newly synthesized molecules are passed from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi bodies.
- Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria and chloroplasts, which have their own DNA and are believed to have evolved from ancient bacteria.
- Mitochondria are cellular powerhouses for oxidative metabolism, while chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis.
- Both mitochondria and chloroplasts possess circular DNA, are unable to grow free of the cell, and are dependent on the cells within which they occur.
- The endosymbiotic theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from a symbiosis of prokaryotic cells, providing their hosts with metabolic advantages.
- Mitochondria are the site for oxidative metabolism, while chloroplasts are the site for photosynthesis.
- The cytoskeleton anchors organelles, supports cell shape, and organizes ribosomes and enzymes needed for synthesis activities.
- The cytoskeleton is comprised of three different types of protein fibers: intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments.
- Centrioles assemble microtubules in animal cells and the cells of most protists.
- Cellular motion is associated with the movement of actin microfilaments and/or microtubules, and flagella and cilia are composed of physical arrangement differs.
Test your knowledge of vacuoles in biology with this quiz. Learn about the functions and types of vacuoles found in different organisms, including their roles in storing water and pumping out excess water.
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