Cell Biology: Theory, Types, and Processes

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Questions and Answers

Describe the endosymbiotic theory and how it supports the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic ancestors.

The endosymbiotic theory posits that certain organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by a larger cell. Over time, they formed a symbiotic relationship, with the host cell providing protection and the engulfed cell providing energy. This is supported by the fact that mitochondria and cholorplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, similar to bacteria.

Contrast the mechanisms of energy production in prokaryotic cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Under aerobic conditions, prokaryotic cells utilize cellular respiration, a process that involves the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to generate ATP. Under anaerobic conditions, prokaryotic cells use fermentation, which produces less ATP and results in byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.

Explain how the structure of a plant cell's chloroplast is related to its function in photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts contain thylakoids, which are stacked into grana to increase surface area for light-dependent reactions. The stroma surrounds the grana and contains enzymes for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), allowing for efficient conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

Describe how binary fission contributes to genetic diversity in prokaryotic populations, and list one other way they can swap genetic information.

Binary fission itself does not directly contribute to genetic diversity because it produces identical clones. However, mutations during DNA replication can introduce new genetic variants. Prokaryotes can also swap genetic information through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the energy strategies between heterotrophic fungi cells and autotrophic plant cells. Be specific about the source of energy and how it's used.

Heterotrophic fungi obtain energy by decomposing organic matter, secreting enzymes to break down complex molecules, and absorbing the resulting nutrients. Autotrophic plant cells generate energy through photosynthesis, converting light energy into ATP and sugars, which are then used for growth and metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Theory

The foundational concept that all living organisms are composed of cells.

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.

Mitosis

The process by which eukaryotic cells divide to produce identical daughter cells.

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Energy Production

Aerobic uses oxygen for energy; anaerobic does not rely on oxygen.

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Binary Fission

A method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where one cell splits into two.

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Study Notes

Cell Theory

Cells are the fundamental units of life.
All living things are composed of cells.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria are prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, and fungi are eukaryotes.

Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction (Mitosis)

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
It's crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in eukaryotes.

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Heterotrophs: Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms. Animals and many fungi are heterotrophs.
Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis (plants) or chemosynthesis (some bacteria). Plants are autotrophs.

Specialized Structures in Plant, Animal, and Fungi Cells

Plant cells: Contain a cell wall, chloroplasts (photosynthesis), and large vacuoles.
Animal cells: Often lack cell walls, have centrioles (cell division), and various specialized organelles.
Fungi cells: Often have cell walls composed of chitin.

Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy Production in Prokaryotes

Anaerobic respiration: Energy production without oxygen.
Aerobic respiration: Energy production using oxygen.

Binary Fission

Binary fission is the asexual reproduction of prokaryotes. A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Plant Energy Generation

Plants generate energy through photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (sugars).

Cell Organelles

Cell wall: A rigid outer layer that provides support and protection (plant cells).
Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell; site of cellular respiration.
Vacuoles: Storage compartments for water, nutrients, and waste products, particularly large in plant cells.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
Nucleus: Contains the cell's DNA.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis and transport.
Golgi apparatus: Processes, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein filaments that gives the cell its shape and facilitates movement.
Centrioles: Involved in cell division in animal cells.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes used for digestion and waste breakdown.
Plasma membrane: Outer boundary of the cell, controls what enters and exits.
Nucleolus: Within the nucleus, a region involved in ribosome synthesis.

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Description

Explore cell theory, the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and eukaryotic cell reproduction through mitosis. Learn about heterotrophs and autotrophs, as well as specialized structures in plant, animal, and fungal cells.