38 Questions
What is the main difference between stem cells and other cell types?
Their ability to self-renew and maintain their undifferentiated state
What is the primary function of stem cells during development?
To form tissues
What type of division results in a specialized cell and another stem cell?
Asymmetrical division
What is the term for a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types?
Potency
Where do embryonic stem cells originate from?
Cells in the ICM in the blastocyst state
What is the purpose of culturing human embryonic stem cells on mouse feeder cells?
To obtain essential nutrients
What is the term for three-dimensional aggregates formed in suspension by pluripotent stem cells?
Embryoid body
What is the purpose of allowing embryoid bodies to interact in three-dimensional structures?
To induce differentiation
What is a characteristic of senescent cells?
They are resistant to apoptosis
Which of the following genes are repressed in senescent cells?
Cyclins and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
What is the function of telomeres?
To provide a means for 'counting' cell division
What happens to telomeres as cells divide?
They shorten with each cycle
What is a cause of cellular senescence?
Telomere shortening
What is a consequence of telomere shortening?
Chromosome aggregation
What is the default program for most cells?
Suicide
What initiates the death program in the extrinsic pathway?
Extrinsic signals
What is the function of the death domain on the receptors in the extrinsic pathway?
Oligomerize the receptors
What is the role of FADD in the extrinsic pathway?
Recruit and activate Death Domain-containing adaptors
What is the result of procaspase-8 activation in the extrinsic pathway?
Direct activation of effector caspases
What is the main characteristic of cancer cells?
Uncontrolled growth and division
What is the role of BCL-2 family proteins in apoptosis?
Inhibit apoptosis
What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?
To inhibit cell division
What is the function of caspase-8 in the extrinsic pathway?
Directly activate effector caspases
What is the result of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization in the extrinsic pathway?
Cytochrome C release
What is the result of mutations in protooncogenes?
Cell growth promotion
What is the role of p53 in the cell cycle?
To detect DNA damage
What type of cancer begins in the skin or tissues that line or cover internal organs?
Carcinoma
What is the term for the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body?
Metastasis
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells produce growth factors to promote their own growth?
Autocrine signaling
What type of cancer starts in blood-forming tissue and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced?
Leukemia
What is a characteristic of cancer stem cells?
They possess the ability of self-renewal and to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample
What is the result of down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules in cancer cells?
Decreased cell-cell adhesion
What is the goal of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?
To target rapidly dividing cells
What is the purpose of liquid biopsies in cancer research?
To perform whole genome sequencing and integrative analysis on primary cancers
Why do some cells need to die in the development of the vertebrate immune system?
To eliminate self-recognizing B-cell clones
What is the result of large-scale structural mutations in cancer?
The initiation of tumor evolution across multiple cancer types
What type of cells are resistant to chemotherapy?
Cancer stem cells
Why do cells need to die during embryogenesis of the hand?
To separate the fingers
Understanding the concepts of pluripotency, differentiation, and stem cells, including their properties and abilities such as potency and self-renewal.
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