Tissues Breakdown PDF

Tissues Breakdown topic: date: Epithelial Tissue content Epithelia Muggy a Whet side...

Tissues Breakdown topic: date: Epithelial Tissue content Epithelia Muggy a Whet side n mouth stomachliningintestineslungs bladder Covers thebody linesorgans Absorbs secretes Also protects Types of EpithelialTissue Simple one layertouchingbasement Simple squamous flat thin lineslungs blood vessels Simple cuboidal Characteristics of sPstance helps filter release kidneys glands EpithelialTissue Simple Columnar 7 nobloodvessels absorbs nutrients secretes mucus stomach intestines tightlypackedtomakebarrier stratified Psend III regenerates fast secretesmucushas ciliafor movement respiratorytract forms glands sweat2 mucus Stratifiedsquamous protectsfrom wear tear oldcellsabovenewskinmouth glandcellscantbe squamous vaginaesophagus Stratified Cuboidal secretessubstancesmoreprotectionthansimplecuboidalsweat glands stratifiedColumnar protects secretesrare maleurethra someglandducts Transitional Epithelium stretches canchangeshape bladder CellJunctionsTypes of Junctions Itseal cellstogethertomakewatertight stomachintestines smallholesgapsbetweencells that allowionsto move backandforththishappens socellscan communicate Desmosomes holdscellstogetherreallywell likevelcro Exskin Hemidesmosomes fFIIdd stickscellsreallywelltobasement membrane fYff fF.fi Basementmembrane anchorsepithelialtissue to theconnective tissuebelow it topic: date: Epithelial Tissue content Membranes NamesLoctionsFunctions mucousmembranes lineareasthatgetexposedtotheoutside exmouthnose andsecretes mucus serous Membranes linesclosedbodycavities ex aroundheart2lungs andreduces friction Cutaneos Membrane skinprotectsbody synovialMembrane linesjoints secretesfluidto reducefriction SUMMARY Epithelial Tissue lines coversbodyorgans theyprotect secrete 2absorb Differenttypes of Epithelialcells simple squamouscuboidal columnarpseudo stratified stratifiedsquamous cuboidal columnar Transitional Epithelium Junctions holdcellstogether letthemcommunicate Membranes lineareasofthebody topic: ConnectiveTissue date: content ConnectiveTissue Types Looseconnectivetissue looslypackedfewcellslotsofmatrixcushionsorgans 1 looseareolar matrixdifferentfiberslonghealingtime 2 adipose fatstoragedeeplayerofskin Denseconnectivetissuemakestendons ligamentsstrong parallel nobloodvesselsresistin onedirection 19491111110gene 2 Irregularverystrongintertwindedcanresistmanydirections ex skin Cartilagefirmbendylowbloodsupply ex earsjointsnose 1 hyalinecartilage nobloodvessels condrocytesinlacunae 2 elastic 3 Fibro cartilagelookscottony Bone hardstrong compactsolid spongy trabeculated Blood fluidtissue connectivetissuew liquidmatrix plasmagoodnutrients red erythrocytes whiteleukocytes cellfragmentscalledplatelets carrynutrientstakeoutwasteprovideclotting Components Matrix nonliving 1groundsubstance goothatfillsspace 2 Fibers collagen strongtoughtendonsligaments elastic stretchy lungsskin reticular softorgans liverspleen supports Types of cells fibroblasts makefibers adipocytes storefat chondrocytes foundincartilage osteocytes foundinbone Mesenchyme firstconnectivetissuemadeinembryos turnsinto all otherconnective tissue topic: date: MuscleTissue Nerve Tissue content MuscularTissue T.BEletal voluntary youcontrol movesbones onarms legs looksstriatedlongcellsmanynuclei Cardiac involuntary pumpsblood onheart looksstriatedsinglenucleusintercalateddiscs Smooth involuntary movesfood blood instomachintestines bloodvessels nostriations singlenucleus NerveTissueCelltypes Neuronssendsignals dendrites recievesignals axon sendsignals cellbody controlsneuron Ip denutrients removeswasteprotectneurons topic: date: Summary content 1 embryonicperiod is whenblueprint ofbody is made SUMMARY 2 In gastrulationthere are 3 layers in embryo ectoderm mesoderm endoderm alladultlayersfromthis 3 adulttissues epitheliumconnectivemuscularnervous 4 Epithelialtissueis classified byshape andnumberoflayers 5 Connectivetissueareclassified thenature ofextracellularmatrix 6 Muscletissue areabletocontract generateforces divided in skeletal cardiacsmooth 7 Nervoustissue is classified in neurons neuroglia 8 Membranes are between epithelialandconnectivetissue theyalsocoverandlinestructures  Skeletal System Breakdown topic: date: Basics content What is the skeletal system Theskeletalsystemprovidessupportprotection movement mineralstorage and bloodcellproduction Functions support tea typo eh Protection sheildsandprotects organs Ex ribsprotectheart lungs Movement works withmuscles to move around Ex whenyou kick a ball yourFemur Tibia move and phosphorus for Higerage bonesstore calcium nerve and muscle functions L Bright red marrow in bonesproducesred white bloodcellsand platelets Bone Basics Compactbone dense outterpartof bone has osteonsfor nutrients and wasteexchange spongy bone foundat theendofbone lighterthandensebone absorbsshock has trabecular Bone Cells Osteoblasts buildsbonebymakingosteoidbonematrix theyarethebuilders andhealing osteoblastsworkwhenbonesaregrowing Osteocytes thatkeepsstructureofbonescorrect bone mature theyarelikethecaretakers monitorbonetheyalsotalk to other bones Osteoclasts eatawayboneto letcalciumintotheblood theyare like pacman  Skeletal System Breakdown topic: date: Anatomy of Bone content Bone Anatomy Diaphysis LONG BONE longpartshaft ofbone mostlycompactbone canhandleweightpressure Emphysis roundendofbone mostlyspongybone redbone marrow absorbsshock helpsjoints move Metaphysis wherediaphysis andepiphysismeet hasgrowthplateingrowingbones Med p hitterof diaphysis whereyellowmarrow Periosteum strongoutterlayerof bone isconnective tissue has lots of bloodvessels nerves andbone building cells like osteoblastsforgrowthrepair Endosteum thinlinninginsidemedullary cavity hasosteoclastsandosteoblasts to remodelbone BoneMarrow in spongybone makes redbloodcells Y Iidethemedullary cavity stores fat Endosteum liningof medullary cavity  Skeletal System Breakdown topic: date: Intramembranous Ossification content Bone Formation Intramembranous Ossification formsflatbones likethe skullandclavicle happens inembryonicstage fetus steps 1 DevelopmentofOssificationCenter mesenchymalcells inthemesenchym grouptogether thenthesecellsturnsinto osteoblasts 2 secretion and calcification ofost.eeErix y osteoblasts start to make osteoid calsium othermineralsareattedtotheosteoi L thiscalcifiestheosteoid 3 Formation of Trabecular inthemiddleoftheboneosteoid turnsinto ttfffEayer near the osteoblastsosteoid Calsium l mÉf compact 4 De Ñpm Bone y spongy calcifiedosteoidbecomescompactand WgtFffhdM 1Éf affff spongy bone thethickoutterlayer of osteoidturns into compact bone the.ir s ii i t EFEEE osteoblasts D v t qmeE vta.at  Skeletal System Breakdown topic: date: Endochondral Ossification content Bone Formation Endocondral Ossification 1 mesenchymal cells form hyaline cartilagemodel wrapped in perichondrium condrocytesalsoforminside 2h.phnotiatinin'turnsintoperiosteum osteoblastsfromperiosteumform a collarbonearound the diaphysis 3 getbiggerwhich triggers condrocytes calcification of the matrix around it causes nutrition to stop going to condrocytes which kills them this creates an emptycavity 4 bloodvesselsfromperiosteum invade with osteoblasts osteoclasts osteoblastsreplace left overcartilage osteoid which hardens into spongy bone while spongy bone is made osteoclasts eataway some spongy bone to make medullary cavity 5 secondary ossification centerforms at the epiphysis bloodvesselsinvade and osteoblasts make spongybone 6 Articularcartilagestays at the ends of bone for is hyaline tan stays cartilagebetween diaphysis epiphysis topic: date: Bone Growth content Increasing Bone Length Interstitial Growth Epiphyseal Plate condrocytes continue making cartilage at the same time osteoblasts are eating it awayandturning it intobone thegrowth of cartilage is makingthe bone longer and osteoblaststurn it into bone at the end ofadolesencecartilage growth slows osteoblasts turn it all into bone Increasing Bone Width Appositional Growth osteoblasts makebone one the outterlayer osteoclasts eatthe bonefromthe center inner layer thisis so themarrowcavitygetsbiggeras thebone growswider topic: date: Hormones Bones content Hormonal Bone Growth Bonegrowth is controlled by hormones hormones tell bones when to grow be strong and heal tell bones how to grow estrogen andtestosteronemake osteoblasts work harder Calcium calcuim is very important for bone health stored in bones hormones control calcium ParathyroidHormone pullscalciumfrombonesintobloodwhenthereisntenough Calcitonin putscalciuminboneswhentoomuchis in bones VitaminD helpsbodyabsorbcalcium fromfood Bonesreflectstresstheyencounter more stress on bone requires more bone to bemade inorder to provide moresupport topic: date: Fracture Repair content Bone Fracture Repair Steps afterfracture Hell g nipping hematoma bloodclotformsto stopbleeding prepairfor nextstage to granulated tissue 2 sofhaittE.hn I collegelinvitgratiitta Fibro cartilage tissue into softcallus iii ii.it iiiian bonycollar tohold piecestogether until ossification happens 4 BoneRemodeling osteoclasts eat away bonefragments meanwhile osteoblastsmakespongybone then turn it into compactbone lesssurface area meansquicker healing when there is less surface area there is more supportduring healingbecause it is faster is needed or mating p lossof bonedensity weakness inbonetissue spongybone of spineneckoffemurmostsusceptible Estrogen testosterone promotesosteoblastactivity slows osteoclast activity Women getsuddendecrease in estrogenmenopause Sexhormones maintain normalbonehealthand density Riskfactors of Osteoporosis lowbodyweight no exercize smoking hormonerelated conditions hyperthyroidism diabetes immobility topic: date: content Summary 1 typesofcartilageelastichyaline fibrocartilage 2 2wayscartilagegrows appositial interstitial 3 Bonesareorgansthatsfunctions rangefromsupport to makingbloodcells 4 Bonetissueis madeoforganic inorganic components 5 Boneclassifications a longbone b flat bone c shortbone d regular bone e sesamoid bone  Integumentary System Breakdown topic: date: Layers of the Skin content Integumentary system consists of skin Layers of the skin hair nailsandglands It protectsthebody 1 Epidermis top regulatestemperature andproducesvitaminD 2 Dermis middle 3Hypodermissubcutaneous deepestundertheskin Epidermis madeofepithelialtissuehasnobloodsupply getsnutrientsfromdermis it'sjobis protectionwaterproofing makenewskincells Layersofepidermis 1stratumcorneum deadkeratinizedhardenedcellswaterproofskin 2stratumlucidum ONLYINTHICKSKINreducesfriction 3Stratumgranulosum makeskeratintoughskin 4stratumspinosum has langerhacellsimmune defense 5StratumBasale deepestlayermakesnewskincells containsmelatonocytes makescolor Dermismiddlelayer 1 a.it i it i.a bloodvesselsgivenutrientstoepidermis capillariessmall hastouchreceptorscalled Meissner'scorpuscles 2Reticularlayer bottom denseconnectivetissue collegenmakesskinstrong hasdeeppressurereceptorscalledpacinian corpuscles structures in theDermis hairfollicles makeshairfoundindeepdermis glands makeoil to protectskin sebaceous sweatglands makesweatforcoding antibacterialprotection BloodSuppy very vascularized Hypodermis madeof fat adiposetissue connectivetissue jobis tobe acushionfororgansinsulatstoreenergy hasveryhighbloodsupply topic: date: Glands Cleavagelines skindamagefunctions content Glandsin theskin Glandtypes sebaceousglands oilglands makeoil toprotecthair2skin alsohasantibacterialproperties Sweatglands 1 Eccrine everywherecools youdown 2 Aprocrine armpits groinstinkysweat Cleavagelines Definitionnaturallinesonskinmade becauseof collagen fibers gaintensionline surgeonsoutthereforfastrealing SkinDamage Types 11sdegree epidermis redness pain sun burn 2ⁿᵈdegree epidermis to partof dermis blistering 3ʳᵈdegree epidermis dermisdestroyed nervedamage nopain alsocausedehydration UVRadiation SkinAging UVraysdestroycollegen agefaster physically toomuchUVradiation cancausecanc Functions Protection againstbacteriaUVlightdehydration Waterproofing Keratinintheepidermiskeepswaterin Temperature control sweatcoolsbloodflownearskinheats Sensation nerveendingssensetouch pain temperature VitaminD Production sunlighthelpsmake it Main Functions of Cellular Organelles 1.​ Nucleus: The Cell's Control Room ○​ Think of the nucleus as the brain of the cell. It decides what the cell should do. ○​ Inside it is DNA, which is like a recipe book for making everything the cell needs. ○​ The nucleus sends out instructions (like text messages) to another part of the cell to make proteins. 2.​ Mitochondria: The Power Plant ○​ Mitochondria make energy for the cell, like how a power plant makes electricity for a city. ○​ The energy it makes is called ATP, which the cell uses to do everything, like moving or growing. ○​ Fun fact: It even has its own tiny set of DNA, so it can make more of itself when needed. 3.​ Ribosomes: The Protein Factories ○​ Ribosomes are tiny machines that make proteins. Proteins are like building blocks and tools that the cell needs to work. ○​ Some ribosomes float in the cell, and some are stuck to a place called the rough ER. 4.​ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The Processing Plant ○​ Rough ER: Covered in ribosomes, it helps fold and prepare proteins. ○​ Smooth ER: Does other important jobs, like making fats (lipids) and getting rid of toxins (like a detox center). 5.​ Golgi Apparatus: The Packing and Shipping Center ○​ The Golgi takes proteins and fats, sorts them, packages them up, and sends them where they need to go. Think of it like an Amazon warehouse. 6.​ Lysosomes: The Cell’s Trash Collectors ○​ Lysosomes are like little garbage trucks. They pick up waste, old parts of the cell, or invaders and break them down so the cell stays clean and healthy. 7.​ Cytoskeleton: The Cell’s Frame and Road System ○​ The cytoskeleton gives the cell its shape, like the frame of a house. ○​ It also helps move things around inside the cell, like delivery trucks on roads. Systems 1.​ Nervous System: The Fast Messenger ○​ The nervous system is like a texting service for your body. It sends electrical signals super fast to tell your body what to do, like moving your hand away from something hot. ○​ The brain and spinal cord are like the headquarters, and nerves are like wires spreading messages. 2.​ Cardiovascular System: The Delivery Service ○​ This system is like a transportation network. The heart pumps blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products all over your body.  ○​ Blood vessels are like highways for the blood. 3.​ Respiratory System: The Air Supplier ○​ Your lungs bring in oxygen, which your cells need to make energy. They also get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product. 4.​ Digestive System: The Food Processor ○​ Your stomach and intestines break down food into tiny pieces (nutrients) that your body can use for energy and growth. Boundary Organs ​ Boundary organs are like the walls and doors of your body. They separate the outside world from your inside parts. ○​ Skin: Keeps things like dirt and germs out. ○​ Lungs: Let in air but block harmful stuff. ○​ Stomach lining: Protects the rest of your body from the strong acid used to digest food. Transport Mechanisms 1.​ Passive Transport: Easy Movement ○​ This is like sliding downhill—no energy is needed! ○​ Simple Diffusion: Small things, like oxygen, just pass through. ○​ Facilitated Diffusion: Bigger things, like sugar, need a special helper (protein channels) to get through. 2.​ Osmosis: Water Balancer ○​ Water moves to where there’s more “stuff” (like salt) to make things even. 3.​ Active Transport: Moving Uphill ○​ This is like climbing uphill—it needs energy (ATP). ○​ Na/K Pump: It pushes 3 sodium out of the cell and pulls 2 potassium in, using energy, to keep the cell balanced. Homeostasis: The Body’s Thermostat ​ Homeostasis means keeping things steady, like keeping your house at the right temperature. ​ Examples: ○​ Temperature: You sweat to cool down or shiver to warm up. ○​ Blood Sugar: Your body adds or removes sugar from your blood to keep it just right. Feedback Mechanisms 1.​ Negative Feedback: Fix It and Forget It ○​ When something changes, your body works to bring it back to normal. ○​ Example: If you’re too hot, you sweat to cool down. 2.​ Positive Feedback: Keep It Going ○​ Your body pushes something to keep happening. ○​ Example: During childbirth, your body releases a hormone to make contractions stronger and stronger until the baby is born. Reflex: Quick Response ​ A reflex is your body’s instant reaction to something dangerous. ○​ Receptor: Notices the problem (like touching something hot). ○​ Central Processor: Decides what to do (spinal cord or brain). ○​ Effector: Does the action (pulls your hand away). Development 1.​ Stages: ○​ Zygote: A fertilized egg, like the start of a new person. ○​ Blastula: A hollow ball of cells, like a bubble. ○​ Gastrula: The bubble forms layers that will grow into different body parts. 2.​ Germ Layers: ○​ Ectoderm: Makes skin, brain, and nerves. ○​ Mesoderm: Makes muscles, bones, and blood. ○​ Endoderm: Makes your lungs and digestive system. Fluid Compartments 1.​ Intracellular Fluid (ICF): ○​ This is the water inside your cells, like the juice inside a grape. 2.​ Extracellular Fluid (ECF): ○​ This is the water outside your cells. It includes: ​ Interstitial Fluid: The water between your cells. ​ Plasma: The watery part of your blood. Study Guide Draft, Bio 348, Spring 2023. Greg Freedman. 1 Study Guide Bio 348 Exam 1 This is a rough study guide focusing on high yield topics. It is not comprehensive. I hope it is useful. INTRODUCTION main functions of cellular organelles systems boundary organs passive vs active transport osmosis homeostasis negative feedback reflex (receptor central processor effector) development (stages, 3 germ layers) membrane transport & Na/K pump fluid compartments and contents TISSUES Epithelia cell junctions/basement membrane naming convention & types characteristics of epithelia junctions locations of different types membranes (names, locations & function) Connective tissue types components (matrix & ground substance, types of cells) characteristics & locations & examples mesenchyme Muscle: types, functions, locations, characteristics Neural: cell types, functions in general INTEGUMENT layers o epidermis: characteristics, layers, associated cells o dermis: layers, vascularization, structures, types of connective tissue ▪ hair and nails per power point bolded items o hypodermis/subcutaneous: make-up, contents, blood supply glands cleavage lines skin damage: burns, UV radiation Study Guide Draft, Bio 348, Spring 2023. Greg Freedman. 2 role of system: functions SKELETAL Structure of a long bone, including types of marrow Spongy vs. compact: structure, macro and micro Periosteum/endosteum Bone as organ: vascularization, etc. Growth: appositional vs interstitial Types of bone cells and their origins. Intramembranous embryonic bone development Endochondral embryonic bone development: all steps and associated terms Hormones and bones Fracture healing