Cell Biology: Nucleolus to Golgi Apparatus
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

  • DNA replication
  • Ribosomal RNA synthesis (correct)
  • Protein synthesis
  • Cell division

    • Ribosomes are only found in eukaryotic cells.

    False

    What type of proteins does the rough endoplasmic reticulum primarily synthesize?

    Membrane proteins and secreted proteins

    The rough endoplasmic reticulum is characterized by being dotted with __________.

    <p>ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of endoplasmic reticulum with their characteristics:

    <p>Rough ER = Dotted with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis Smooth ER = Does not synthesize glycoproteins Both = Involved in detoxification processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>They catalyze the formation of peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily responsible for protein synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins do free ribosomes typically produce?

    <p>Cytoplasmic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Lipid synthesis and detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of breaking down glucose in eukaryotes goes beyond glycolysis, involving the __________ cycle.

    <p>citric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell organelles with their primary functions:

    <p>Smooth ER = Detoxification and lipid synthesis Rough ER = Protein synthesis Golgi apparatus = Modification and packaging of proteins Mitochondria = ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones and phospholipids?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotes, pyruvate is converted into __________ before entering the citric acid cycle.

    <p>acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?

    <p>Centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both plant and animal cells reproduce via mitosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is responsible for storing genetic information in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal cells, the centrosome comprises a pair of __________.

    <p>centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the nucleus with their functions:

    <p>Nuclear envelope = Protects the nucleus and regulates traffic Nuclear pores = Allows the transport of molecules in and out Nucleoplasm = Substance within the nucleus Chromatin = Contains genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>There are two types: rough and smooth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants have ribosomes that are completely different from those in animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal component of plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts are involved in cellular respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

    <p>Storage and maintaining cell rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fungi, the cell walls are made of __________.

    <p>chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell wall components with their respective organisms:

    <p>Cellulose = Plant cells Chitin = Fungal cells Peptidoglycans = Bacterial cells Other polysaccharides = Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a principal difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria and chloroplasts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the circular chromosome found in prokaryotes?

    <p>plasmid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotes reproduce primarily by __________, while eukaryotes typically reproduce through mitosis.

    <p>fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with the type of cell they belong to:

    <p>Membrane-bound nucleus = Eukaryotes Single circular chromosome = Prokaryotes Chloroplasts = Plants Multiple linear chromosomes = Eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are plasmids primarily responsible for in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Carrying antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells have no ends on their chromosomes as they are linear in structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of cell that is classified as a eukaryote.

    <p>plant cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of aerobic respiration over anaerobic respiration?

    <p>It generates more ATP per glucose molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is characterized by being dotted with ribosomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process takes place in mitochondria that allows eukaryotes to produce ATP?

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The digestive enzymes in lysosomes operate optimally at a pH of __________.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA synthesis occurs in the nucleolus?

    <p>ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Pyruvate = Generated during glycolysis Beta-oxidation = Fatty acid metabolism Lysosomes = Involved in degradation and recycling Endosymbiotic theory = Suggests origins of organelles from bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribosomes are found in both prokaryotic and __________ cells.

    <p>eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of lysosomes?

    <p>They recycle old organelles and digest material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum = Protein synthesis for membrane or secretion Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum = Lipid synthesis Nucleolus = Ribosomal RNA synthesis Ribosomes = Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotes perform aerobic respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs primarily in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Modification of glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All ribosomes are always attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria?

    <p>ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are free ribosomes primarily used to synthesize?

    <p>cytoplasmic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzymes in lysosomes are most effective at a pH of __________.

    <p>five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of __________ proteins that are secreted out of the cell.

    <p>membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many net ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during anaerobic respiration?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure synthesizes ribosomal RNA?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structures responsible for locomotion in bacteria?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one organelle that is present in both plant and animal cells.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal cells contain centrosomes which are composed of a pair of __________.

    <p>centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in the transporting of molecules in and out of the nucleus?

    <p>Nuclear pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both plant and animal cells utilize centrioles for microtubule organization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the nucleus involving the synthesis of messenger RNA from DNA?

    <p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organelle responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells is the __________.

    <p>chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell types with their unique characteristics:

    <p>Plant Cells = Capable of photosynthesis Animal Cells = Have centrosomes Both = Eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nuclear pores?

    <p>Transporting molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus?

    <p>Prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells contain plasmids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of cells?

    <p>Prokaryotes and eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotic cells typically have ________ chromosomes.

    <p>one circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the type of cell:

    <p>Prokaryotes = Single circular chromosome Eukaryotes = Multiple linear chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of chloroplasts in plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells reproduce by fission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the extra chromosomal DNA in prokaryotes?

    <p>Plasmids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key structural difference between plant and animal cells?

    <p>Plant cells have chloroplasts while animal cells do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Centrosomes are present in both plant and animal cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is responsible for storing genetic information in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the __________.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Chloroplast = Photosynthesis Centrosome = Microtubule organizing center Nucleus = Stores genetic information Ribosome = Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell division do both plant and animal cells utilize?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy generation method available to eukaryotes that is not available to prokaryotes?

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All eukaryotic cells have centrosomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have their own circular DNA.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the nucleus and regulates the passage of molecules in and out?

    <p>nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH level inside lysosomes?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, pyruvate is converted into __________ before entering the citric acid cycle.

    <p>acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular processes with their respective locations or characteristics:

    <p>Beta-oxidation = Mitochondria Glycolysis = Cytoplasm Citric Acid Cycle = Mitochondria Fermentation = Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily involved in the degradation of old organelles and recycling materials?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotes can perform aerobic respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Endosymbiotic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cell structure is typically absent in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the cell wall in most prokaryotes?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The circular chromosome in prokaryotic cells is found in the __________.

    <p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Pili = Cell adhesion Flagellum = Locomotion Capsule = Protection Cell wall = Structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is often composed of a hydrated polysaccharide layer in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal cells typically have cell walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of peroxisomes in the cell?

    <p>Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Centrosomes are present in both animal cells and plant cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific cycle takes place in the peroxisomes of germinating seeds?

    <p>Glyoxylate cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peroxisomes play a role in the breakdown of __________ and fatty acids.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their functions:

    <p>Vacuoles = Storage of water and nutrients Centrosomes = Microtubule organizing center Peroxisomes = Degradation of toxic substances Glyoxylate Cycle = Anabolic production in seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are vacuoles often associated specifically with plant cells?

    <p>They are always larger in plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal cells can have vacuoles, but they are primarily used for nutrient storage, unlike in plant cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cycle is the glyoxylate cycle related to, and how does it differ?

    <p>Citric acid cycle; it serves an anabolic function instead of catabolic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleolus and Ribosomes

    • The nucleolus is identifiable as a dark spot within the nucleus, visible when properly stained.
    • It is the site of intense ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, contributing to its dark appearance.
    • Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis, catalyzing peptide bond formation between amino acids.
    • Present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are critical for cellular function.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • Composed of a large canal system of membrane-enclosed structures, which include both rough ER and smooth ER.
    • Rough ER is distinguished by the presence of ribosomes, responsible for synthesizing glycoproteins, which are proteins modified with sugars.
    • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in synthesizing phospholipids, steroid hormones, and detoxifying substances, especially in liver cells.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Functions collaboratively with the rough ER to modify and package proteins for secretion or membrane integration.
    • Proteins synthesized by ribosomes on the rough ER are transported to the Golgi in vesicles for further modifications, including glycosylation.
    • The Golgi acts as a shipping center, directing proteins to their final destinations, including the cell membrane or lysosomes.

    Mitochondria and ATP Synthesis

    • Mitochondria, found only in eukaryotes, are the primary sites for ATP synthesis through cellular respiration.
    • They process pyruvate from glycolysis, converting it to acetyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle and subsequent ATP generation via the electron transport chain.

    Differences Between Animal and Plant Cells

    • Plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, while animal cells do not.
    • Animal cells have centrosomes containing centrioles; plant cells lack centrosomes.
    • Both cell types reproduce via mitosis, utilizing microtubule organizing centers; centrosomes in animal cells and a different arrangement in plant cells.

    Nucleus Functionality

    • The nucleus houses all genetic material (DNA) and serves as the site for transcription, where messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized.
    • Surrounded by a double lipid bilayer called the nuclear envelope, it contains nuclear pores for the transport of large molecules, including mRNA, out of the nucleus.

    Types of Cells

    • Two major types of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
    • Prokaryotes include bacteria; eukaryotes include fungi, plant cells, and animal cells.
    • Prokaryotes lack a nucleus while eukaryotes contain a membrane-bound nucleus.
    • Terminology: "prokaryote" means "before the nucleus," "eukaryote" means "true nucleus."

    Key Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts).
    • Eukaryotes possess various organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
    • Prokaryotic DNA is single, circular, and found in the cytoplasm; eukaryotic DNA is multiple, linear, and stored in the nucleus.
    • Prokaryotes may have plasmids, small extra-chromosomal DNA that can carry antibiotic resistance.
    • Reproduction methods differ: prokaryotes divide via binary fission, while eukaryotes undergo mitosis.

    Animal vs. Plant Cells

    • Both are eukaryotic, but plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, while animal cells do not.
    • Plant cells lack centrosomes; animal cells have centrosomes composed of centrioles, serving as microtubule organizing centers.
    • Both cell types undergo mitosis but utilize different structures for microtubule organization.

    Nucleus

    • Located in eukaryotic cells; stores genetic information and is the site of transcription.
    • Surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which has two lipid bilayer membranes and nuclear pores for molecule transport.
    • Contains nucleolus, which is involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis.

    Ribosomes

    • Critical for protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
    • Can be found as free ribosomes in the cytoplasm or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
    • Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for secretion or membrane integration; free ribosomes synthesize cytoplasmic proteins.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • An extensive network of membrane-bound organelles, consisting of rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).
    • Rough ER is involved in the synthesis and processing of glycoproteins.
    • Smooth ER is responsible for lipid synthesis and metabolism.

    Mitochondria

    • The powerhouse of eukaryotic cells, responsible for aerobic respiration and ATP production.
    • Contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes, supporting the endosymbiotic theory suggesting they originated from bacteria.

    Lysosomes

    • Involved in cellular degradation processes, recycling old organelles and engulfed materials.
    • Function optimally at a lower pH (around 5) and are formed from vesicles pinched off from the Golgi apparatus.

    Chloroplasts

    • Found in plant cells, these organelles are the site of photosynthesis and have their own DNA.
    • Also supports the endosymbiotic theory due to their similarities to prokaryotic structures.

    Cell Walls

    • Present in plant cells (cellulose), fungal cells (chitin), and bacterial cells (peptidoglycans).
    • Cellulose provides tensile strength and prevents osmotic lysis in plant cells, which can balance osmotic pressure due to their rigid structure.

    Cell Types

    • Two major cell types: prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (fungi, plants, animals).
    • Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.

    Cell Structure Differences

    • Prokaryotes: Contains a single circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm; no membrane-bound organelles.
    • Eukaryotes: Multiple linear chromosomes located in the nucleus; contain organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

    Chromosomes and DNA

    • Prokaryotic chromosomes have no telomeres; plasmids may be present, facilitating bacterial resistance.
    • Eukaryotic chromosomes have ends (telomeres); humans have 23 pairs, totaling 46 chromosomes.

    Reproduction

    • Prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission, lacking the complex process of mitosis.
    • Eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis, utilizing microtubule organizing centers, centrosomes.

    Cell Walls

    • Prokaryotes typically have cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
    • Eukaryotic cell walls are present in plants (cellulose) and fungi (chitin), but absent in animal cells.

    Bacterial Cell Features

    • Bacterial cells lack membrane-bound organelles; ribosomes are present but not surrounded by membranes.
    • Structure includes a plasma membrane, cell wall, and often a capsule of polysaccharides.

    Pili and Flagella

    • Pili assist in bacterial adhesion; flagella (different structurally from eukaryotic flagella) aid in bacterial locomotion.

    Eukaryotic Cells

    • Eukaryotic cells contain chloroplasts (in plants) for photosynthesis; animal cells lack chloroplasts.
    • Centrosomes with centrioles are only found in animal cells; plant cells have microtubule organizing centers but no distinct centrosomes.

    Nucleus Function

    • The nucleus houses genetic material; site of transcription where mRNA is synthesized and transported through nuclear pores to ribosomes.

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are involved in ATP production through aerobic respiration; contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes, supporting the endosymbiotic theory.

    Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

    • Lysosomes degrade organelles and materials; operate at a pH of around 5 for optimal enzyme activity.
    • Peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species; involved in fatty acid, amino acid, and toxin breakdown.

    Vacuoles

    • Both plant and animal cells have vacuoles for nutrient storage; plant cells often contain a large central vacuole primarily for water storage and maintaining turgor pressure.

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