Cell Biology Ribosomes and ER Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

  • Energy production
  • Detoxification
  • Lipid synthesis
  • Protein production (correct)

    • The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis.

    False

    What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

    The plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of __________.

    <p>lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the plasma membrane with their roles:

    <p>Intrinsic Proteins = Span the entire membrane and transport substances Extrinsic Proteins = Attached to one side and involved in signaling Lipid Bilayer = Forms a barrier between the internal and external environment Selectively Permeable = Controls the passage of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage follows the entry of the virus into the host cell?

    <p>Replication and Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can the plasma membrane allow to enter the cell?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The plasma membrane is impermeable to all substances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can reproduce independently of a host cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Produce proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>It is involved in protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ virus is responsible for COVID-19.

    <p>SARS-CoV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in modifying and packaging proteins?

    <p>Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cellular components to their functions:

    <p>Nucleus = Stores genetic information Mitochondria = Produces ATP Lysosomes = Breaks down waste materials Peroxisomes = Detoxifies harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Type of cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the release of new viruses from a host cell?

    <p>Cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasmid DNA in bacteria?

    <p>To carry genes for antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells typically contain plasmid DNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure provides motility in bacterial cells?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial cells appear _____ after Gram staining if they are gram-positive.

    <p>purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features of bacterial cells with their descriptions:

    <p>Capsule = Outermost protective layer made of polysaccharides or proteins Peptidoglycan = Thick layer in gram-positive bacteria Flagella = Whip-like structures for motility Plasmid = Small, circular DNA molecules separate from chromosomal DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria would appear pink/red after Gram staining?

    <p>Gram negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells have a capsule for protection against dehydration and immune response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that functions as a lipid bilayer in bacterial cells?

    <p>Plasma Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of telophase during cell division?

    <p>To finalize the division of the cell and reform nuclear structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Telophase marks the end of meiosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the daughter chromosomes during telophase?

    <p>They reach the poles and begin to decondense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ ring contracts to facilitate cytokinesis.

    <p>contractile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is involved in the reassembly of the nuclear envelope during telophase?

    <p>Fusion of membrane vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consequence of proper chromosome separation during anaphase?

    <p>It prevents chromosomal abnormalities like aneuploidy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following key events of telophase with their descriptions:

    <p>Arrival and Decondensation of Chromosomes = Chromosomes return to chromatin form Reassembly of the Nuclear Envelope = Formation of new nuclei Completion of Mitosis = Concludes chromosome segregation Contractile Ring Formation = Facilitates division of the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The final step of cell division is known as ______.

    <p>cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, including extra-embryonic tissues?

    <p>Totipotent Stem Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adult stem cells are typically considered totipotent or pluripotent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stem cells can only differentiate into one specific type of cell?

    <p>Unipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three primary germ layers are the endoderm, mesoderm, and __________.

    <p>ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stem cell type with its description:

    <p>Totipotent = Can differentiate into any cell type, including extra-embryonic tissues Pluripotent = Can differentiate into any cell type within the three primary germ layers Multipotent = Can differentiate into a limited range of cell types Unipotent = Can differentiate into one specific type of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stem cells are hematopoietic stem cells considered?

    <p>Multipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatic cells have the potential to transform into other cell types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of a unipotent stem cell.

    <p>Skin stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Structures and Functions

    • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis factories located free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Rough ER: Contains ribosomes; responsible for synthesizing proteins.
      • Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
    • Eukaryotic Cell Components: Includes nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, vesicles, Golgi body, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, and both types of ER; differentiates eukaryotic from prokaryotic cells, which lack membrane-bound organelles.

    Plasma Membrane

    • Cell Membrane: Acts as a barrier, regulating substance entry and exit using a lipid bilayer structure.
    • Lipid Bilayer: Composed of hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward, creating a semi-permeable barrier.
    • Selectively Permeable: Maintains internal environment by controlling nutrient intake (e.g., oxygen, glucose) and waste expulsion.
    • Membrane Proteins:
      • Intrinsic Proteins: Span the membrane, facilitating transport.
      • Extrinsic Proteins: Bound to one side, involved in signaling and structural support.

    Bacterial Cell Features

    • Plasmid DNA: Circular DNA in bacteria that may provide advantages like antibiotic resistance; absent in eukaryotes.
    • Capsule: Protective outer layer in bacteria, composed of polysaccharides or proteins; eukaryotes have no capsule.
    • Flagella: Motility structures; differ in structure and movement mechanism between bacteria (simple) and eukaryotes (complex).
    • Gram Staining:
      • Gram Positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer retaining crystal violet stain (purple).
      • Gram Negative: Thin peptidoglycan layer with outer membrane, takes up counterstain (pink/red).

    Difference Between Cell Types

    • Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus, contain smaller ribosomes (70S), and have a cell wall with peptidoglycan.
    • Eukaryotic Cells: Contain a nucleus with linear DNA, larger ribosomes (80S), and membrane-bound organelles.

    Mitosis: Telophase

    • Key Events:
      • Chromosomes arrive at poles and decondense, returning to less visible chromatin form.
      • Reformation of the nuclear envelope around separated chromosomes.
      • Completion of mitosis, ensuring proper chromosome distribution.
      • Formation of a contractile ring leading to cytokinesis.

    Importance of Telophase

    • Nuclear Reformation: Ensures each daughter cell has a complete nucleus.
    • Cytokinesis Preparation: Prepares for the final division of the cytoplasm into two cells.

    Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells

    • Cell Differentiation: Process by which cells specialize to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.
    • Stem Cells Types:
      • Totipotent: Can become any cell type including extra-embryonic tissues (e.g., zygote).
      • Pluripotent: Can differentiate into any cell within the three primary germ layers but not into extra-embryonic tissues (e.g., embryonic stem cells).
      • Multipotent: Limited differentiation capabilities within specific tissues (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells).
      • Oligopotent: Differentiate into a few closely related cell types (e.g., lymphoid stem cells).
      • Unipotent: Can only become one specific type of cell (e.g., skin stem cells).

    Conclusion on Cellular Biology

    • Understanding cell structures and functions aids in recognizing the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, as well as the processes of mitosis and cell differentiation, which are vital for tissue development and function.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on ribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers the structure, function, and distinction between rough and smooth ER. A labelled diagram is included to enhance your understanding.

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