Questions and Answers
What is the structure and function of the ribosome?
Ribosomes are made of proteins and ribonucleic acid and comprise two subunits. The smaller subunit binds mRNA for decoding, while the larger subunit adds amino acids.
What are the three types of RNA involved in the structure or function of the ribosome?
Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
What is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
The rough ER has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in protein synthesis and processing.
What is the relationship between the ribosome and the rough ER?
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What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?
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What is the structure and function of the lysosome?
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What is the structure and function of vacuoles?
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What is the structure and function of a chloroplast?
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Study Notes
Ribosome
- Composed of proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in near equal amounts.
- Consists of two subunits: the small subunit binds mRNA and decodes it, while the large subunit adds amino acids.
- Involved types of RNA:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries protein synthesis sequences.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the core of ribosomes.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to ribosomes.
- Essential for protein and enzyme synthesis across all life forms, reflecting a common ancestry.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- ER includes both rough and smooth sections interconnected by a continuous membrane.
- Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, essential for synthesizing and processing proteins.
- Smooth ER synthesizes lipids, phospholipids for membranes, and steroids.
- Functions include lipid synthesis, calcium storage, and cellular processing.
Golgi Apparatus
- Composed of stacked membranes, facilitating the processing and packaging of proteins and lipids.
- Structure allows simultaneous reactions and modifications of molecular products.
- Particularly important for proteins destined for export from the cell.
Mitochondria
- Membrane-bound organelles responsible for generating chemical energy to power biochemical reactions.
- Outer membrane contains transport proteins for pyruvate transfer.
- Inner membrane houses the electron transport chain and ATP synthase, crucial for energy production.
Lysosome
- Membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes critical for breaking down excess or outdated cell components.
- Involved in destroying pathogens like viruses and bacteria.
- The membrane acts as a selective gateway, allowing molecules in while containing enzymes.
Vacuoles
- Surrounded by a thin membrane and filled with fluid and molecules.
- Food vacuoles store digested food matter within cells.
- Central vacuole acts as a reservoir, waste container, storage area, and helps maintain cell shape.
- Contractile vacuole regulates water balance, expelling excess water to survive in hypotonic environments.
Chloroplast
- Membrane-bound plastids containing a network of membranes and the pigment chlorophyll.
- Chlorophyll captures light energy, giving plants their green color.
- Photosynthesis occurs within internal membranes that stack like pancakes, enhancing efficiency.
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Description
Explore the essential cellular structures of ribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This quiz covers their composition, functions, and the critical roles they play in protein synthesis and lipid processing. Test your knowledge on these vital components of cell biology.
