Podcast
Questions and Answers
What phase of the cell cycle involves the division of the cytoplasm?
What phase of the cell cycle involves the division of the cytoplasm?
When do chromosomes first become visible in the light microscope?
When do chromosomes first become visible in the light microscope?
What are the structures that attach to chromosomes at the centromere?
What are the structures that attach to chromosomes at the centromere?
During which phase of mitosis are the chromosomes lined up on the metaphase plate?
During which phase of mitosis are the chromosomes lined up on the metaphase plate?
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Which phase of the cell cycle precedes the S phase?
Which phase of the cell cycle precedes the S phase?
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What defines the two poles in the spindle apparatus during mitosis in animal cells?
What defines the two poles in the spindle apparatus during mitosis in animal cells?
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What is the primary function of the S phase of interphase?
What is the primary function of the S phase of interphase?
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During which phase of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time?
During which phase of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time?
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What is the primary function of the M phase?
What is the primary function of the M phase?
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During which phase of interphase do cells prepare for DNA replication?
During which phase of interphase do cells prepare for DNA replication?
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What happens to the chromatids during mitosis?
What happens to the chromatids during mitosis?
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What is the outcome of the S phase of interphase?
What is the outcome of the S phase of interphase?
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What process occurs in Anaphase of the cell cycle?
What process occurs in Anaphase of the cell cycle?
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What is the role of KINASE in the cell cycle regulation?
What is the role of KINASE in the cell cycle regulation?
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During which phase do nondividing cells remain permanently?
During which phase do nondividing cells remain permanently?
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What is a characteristic of the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
What is a characteristic of the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
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What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
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How do bacteria divide during binary fission?
How do bacteria divide during binary fission?
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
- Human cells have 46 chromosomes, which is a characteristic number for the species.
- Mitosis (M phase) is a continuous process with five subphases: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Prophase
- Chromosomes condense and become visible in the light microscope.
- The spindle apparatus forms, made of microtubules that grow from microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs).
- MTOCs define the two poles of the spindle apparatus.
Prometaphase
- The nuclear envelope breaks down.
- Microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochores, which form at the centromere of each chromosome.
Metaphase
- The mitotic spindle is complete, and chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate.
- Each chromosome is held by kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles.
- Astral microtubules hold the spindle poles in place.
Anaphase
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell.
- Cohesins holding sister chromatids together split, and kinetochore microtubules shrink.
Telophase
- A new nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes.
- The chromosomes begin to decondense, and mitosis is complete when two independent nuclei have formed.
Cytokinesis
- The cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells.
- In plants, vesicles from the Golgi apparatus bring membrane and cell wall components to the middle of the cell, forming a cell plate.
- In animals, a ring of actin and myosin filaments contract inside the cell, pinching in to form a cleavage furrow and dividing the cell.
Cell Cycle Regulation
- The cell cycle is regulated by kinases (enzymes that attach a phosphate group to a protein) and phosphatases (enzymes that remove a phosphate group from a protein).
- The cell cycle is regulated to ensure proper cell growth and division.
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Description
This quiz covers the alternating phases in the cell cycle: M (mitotic) phase where chromosomes are condensed and divided, and Interphase consisting of G1, S (Synthesis), and G2 phases where chromosomes are uncoiled and cells grow and prepare for division.
