Cell Biology & General Biology Quiz

Study Notes

Cell Biology & General Biology

A cell is the fundamental unit of life.
Tissues are composed of cells, and organs are made of tissues.
The four major macromolecules of the body are: (No further details available)
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment.
The pH of human blood is typically around 7.4.
Buffers in blood maintain pH homeostasis.
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts. (If applicable)
Somatic cells divide via mitosis.
Gametes (sex cells) are produced via meiosis.
Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, diploid cells have two sets.
Cellular respiration produces a variable amount of ATP per glucose molecule (amount depends on conditions).
Fermentation also produces ATP but at a lower yield. (No details about specific enzymes or processes involved)
Molecules containing codons are mRNA.
Molecules containing anticodons are tRNA, necessary for protein synthesis.
The longest phase of the cell cycle is interphase.
A virus is a non-living particle that requires a host cell to replicate.

Molecular Biology & Genetics

Bacterial plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules beneficial for bacterial cells (e.g., antibiotic resistance).
UV light can damage DNA.
Ribose and deoxyribose are monosaccharides, differing by the presence of the hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon in deoxyribose.
A functional group is a specific chemical group that imparts specific behaviour to a molecule (e.g., hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH)).
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, whereas a theory is a well-supported explanation often with extensive empirical evidence. (They are not the same)
The scientific method includes steps like observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and analysis.
Enzymes are biological catalysts, increasing reaction rates. (No details about specific types or properties given.)
DNA structure in eukaryotic cells is double-stranded, in a double helix, with specific base pairing (information on location and form not provided).
Gene regulation is the process controlling gene expression.
Individuals have two alleles for each gene.
Not all inheritance patterns follow Mendelian genetics. (Non-Mendelian patterns include codominance or incomplete dominance, etc.)
Water is a polar molecule and a good solvent due to its polarity facilitating interactions with various substances.
Genotypes that produce a dihybrid cross with a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio are heterozygous for both genes. (Specific genotypes not listed.)
Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous), malignant (cancerous), or metastatic (spread).
Germline mutations occur in germ cells and can be inherited, while somatic mutations occur in somatic cells and are not inheritable.
The lytic cycle is a viral reproductive cycle resulting in the destruction of the host cell, whereas the lysogenic cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host cell’s genome.

Cellular Processes & Classification

Gene regulation is necessary for controlling gene expression in eukaryotes, crucial for cellular differentiation and responding to external stimuli.
Characteristics of living organisms (e.g., organization, response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation)
Composition of a prokaryotic cell (not specified)
Cells are sometimes arrested in a specific phase of the cell cycle for a reason (e.g., G0 phase).
Factors that denature enzymes include alterations in pH or temperature (e.g.)
DNA nucleotide composition (base, sugar, and phosphate components)
The simplest level of DNA is a single nucleotide; complex levels include genes, chromosomes, and the entire genome.
Chemical structures, properties, and role of water (not specified)
Mechanisms of evolution (not specified)
Sites marking the start and end of a gene are often associated with regulatory elements.
Acid/base definitions and pH values are not indicated.
Bacterial cell division is binary fission.
Science is a systematic way of understanding the natural world.

Additional Topics

Properties of carbon (atomic number, mass, valence, reactivity, functional groups)
Classification hierarchy (domain, kingdom, phylum to species)
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes (basic differences)
Age of Earth and dinosaurs are not specified.
Current geological epoch (not specified)