Cell Biology: Mitosis and Cellular Processes

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Questions and Answers

What occurs during anaphase in mitosis?

  • Spindle fibers lengthen the cell and chromosomes are pulled towards opposite poles. (correct)
  • Chromosomes decondense and a nuclear envelope forms.
  • Chromosomes become visible and spindle fibers begin to emerge from the centromeres.
  • Kinetochores are formed at the centromeres of the chromosomes.

Which statement accurately describes the outcome of mitosis?

  • It generates a single haploid cell.
  • It produces two identical diploid daughter cells. (correct)
  • It creates daughter cells with varying chromosome numbers.
  • It results in four genetically diverse granddaughter cells.

Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the condensation of chromosomes and the emergence of spindle fibers?

  • Telophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Prophase (correct)
  • Metaphase

What summarizes the main difference between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells?

<p>Animal cells undergo furrowing while plant cells form a cell plate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interphase in the cell cycle?

<p>To prepare for mitosis by replicating DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes passive transport mechanisms?

<p>They do not require energy and substances move down their concentration gradient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic unique to prokaryotic cells?

<p>They generally lack a nucleus entirely. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of active transport?

<p>Endocytosis involving uptake of large particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is DNA unable to exit the nucleus?

<p>It is too large to pass through the nuclear membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following cell types would you expect to find chloroplasts?

<p>Plant cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is accurate?

<p>Glycolysis converts glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration in terms of ATP production?

<p>Aerobic respiration can yield up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide primarily produced?

<p>Krebs Cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

<p>It uses the energy from electrons to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cellular respiration, what is the significance of pyruvate?

<p>Pyruvate is an intermediate that can enter both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a hypertonic solution on a cell?

<p>The cell loses water and shrinks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Punnett square cross represented as BbEe x BbEe, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

<p>25% for each phenotype listed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does isotonic mean in the context of cellular environments?

<p>A state where solute levels are equal inside and outside the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenotype corresponds to a 25% occurrence in the given genetic crosses?

<p>Black spots and Brown eyes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hypotonic solutions is true?

<p>They cause the cell to swell due to water inflow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a hypertonic solution in relation to cellular behavior?

<p>Cells will shrink due to water loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of anaerobic respiration?

<p>It includes processes like alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genotype is likely to produce an offspring with the phenotype of black spots and blue eyes?

<p>bbee (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In isotonic solutions, what happens to the shape and size of cells?

<p>Cells maintain their normal shape and size. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the genetic cross bbee x BbEe, what is a possible phenotype percentage for brown/brown eyes?

<p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication primarily occur?

<p>S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that DNA cannot leave the nucleus?

<p>The size of DNA makes it too large to exit easily. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell division is characterized by the formation of a cell plate in plant cells?

<p>Cytokinesis in meiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy requirement for active transport processes?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes differentiation in stem cells?

<p>Stem cells can become either embryonic or adult cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about prokaryotes is accurate based on the provided notes?

<p>Prokaryotes include bacteria and chloroplasts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the stop phase in the cell cycle is true?

<p>The stop phase allows for cell repair and assessment before division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis primarily involved in during the transport of substances in cells?

<p>Uptake of large particles into the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mitosis Stages

The ordered series of events that result in the division of one cell into two identical daughter cells.

Mitosis Result

Produces two identical diploid daughter cells.

Prophase (Mitosis)

The first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense and become visible.

Cytokinesis in a Plant Cell

The division of the cytoplasm. Cytokinesis leads to forming a cell plate in a plant cell.

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Meiosis Stages

A type of cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid daughter cells.

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Glycolysis

Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP.

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Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration with oxygen presence, producing a large amount of ATP.

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Krebs Cycle

Pyruvate enters this cycle to produce more ATP and carbon dioxide.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Uses energy from previous steps to create a large amount of ATP (34-36).

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Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration without oxygen, producing smaller amounts of ATP.

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Active transport

Cellular transport that needs energy (ATP) to move substances against the concentration gradient.

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Passive transport

Cellular transport that doesn't need energy; substances move along the concentration gradient.

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Concentration gradient

Difference in substance concentration across a cell membrane.

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Eukaryotic cell

Cell type that has a nucleus.

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Prokaryotic cell

Cell type that lacks a nucleus.

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Hypotonic solution effect on cell

Causes a cell to swell due to water moving into the cell.

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Hypertonic solution effect on cell

Causes a cell to shrink as water moves out of the cell.

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Isotonic Solution

Water flow is balanced.

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Punnett Square Ratio (BbEe x BbEe)

1:1:1:1 ratio of possible genotypes from a mating of two heterozygous parents (BbEe x BbEe).

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Heterozygous parents (BbEe)

Parents that have a mix of alleles for the observed traits (dominant and recessive).

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than another solution. Cells shrink when placed in a hypertonic solution.

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Genotype vs. Phenotype

Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., genes). Phenotype: The physical expression of the genotype (e.g., observable traits).

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Interphase

The 'sleep mode' of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division. Most of the cell's life is spent in this phase.

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Cytoplasm Replication

The duplication of the cytoplasm during the cell cycle. It ensures each daughter cell receives its own set of cellular components.

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Plant Cell Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm in a plant cell. It leads to the formation of a cell plate, which eventually forms the new cell wall.

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Differentiation

The process where stem cells transform into specialized cells with specific functions, creating different types of tissues and organs.

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Eukaryotes

Organisms with cells containing membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Examples include animals, plants, fungi.

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Prokaryotes

Organisms with cells lacking membrane-bound organelles. Examples include bacteria.

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What is the role of ATP in transport?

ATP is required for active transport. This means energy is needed to move substances against their concentration gradient.

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What is passive transport?

Passive transport does not require energy (ATP). Substances move across membranes following their concentration gradient.

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