Biology Cell Theory and Cellular Processes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane in an animal cell?

To store nutrients and waste products

To control the entry and exit of substances (correct)

To synthesize proteins

To produce energy

Which process involves the conversion of sugars into alcohol or acids to generate energy?

Fermentation (correct)

Respiration

Photosynthesis

Osmosis

What is the characteristic of cells that have a higher surface area to volume ratio?

They are more prone to cell division

They are typically larger in size

They are more efficient in nutrient uptake and waste removal (correct)

They have a lower surface area to volume ratio

What is the function of the ribosome in a cell?

To translate messenger RNA into polypeptides Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

The presence of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of food preservation techniques?

To inhibit bacterial growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for respiration in cells?

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the chloroplast in a plant cell?

To perform photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?

Chloroplast Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of salting as a food preservation technique?

To create an inhospitable environment for microbes Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, what is the variable that is deliberately changed by the researcher?

Independent variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the consistency of results over repeated trials?

Reliability Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of yeast fermentation?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the breakdown of organic matter to recycle nutrients?

Decomposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cytokinesis in both binary fission and mitosis?

Cell division Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Biology

Osmosis: Movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a lower solute concentration region to a higher solute concentration region.
Ribosome: Cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA into polypeptides.
Fermentation: Anaerobic process where cells convert sugars into alcohol or acids to generate energy.

Cell Theory

All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division.

Equations

Fermentation: Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon dioxide (in yeast), Glucose → Lactic acid (in muscles)
Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

Prokaryote: Unicellular, no nucleus, smaller in size, DNA in a nucleoid region, example: Bacteria
Eukaryote: Multicellular, has a nucleus, larger in size, DNA contained within the nucleus, example: Plants, animals

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Cells with a higher surface area to volume ratio can efficiently exchange materials with their environment
Smaller cells typically have a higher ratio, which is advantageous for nutrient uptake and waste removal

Food Preservation Techniques

Methods include refrigeration, freezing, drying, salting, canning, and pickling
These techniques inhibit bacterial growth by altering conditions such as temperature, moisture, and pH

Cell Parts and Functions

Animal Cell:
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material
- Mitochondria: Produces energy
- Ribosome: Synthesizes proteins
- Cell membrane: Controls entry and exit of substances
Plant Cell:
- Chloroplast: Photosynthesis
- Cell wall: Provides structure and support
- Vacuole: Stores nutrients and waste products

Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

Plant Cells:
- Have a cell wall
- Contain chloroplasts
- Have a large central vacuole
Animal Cells:
- No cell wall
- No chloroplasts
- Smaller vacuoles

Food Preservation Techniques

Refrigeration/Freezing: Slows down microbial growth by lowering temperature
Drying/Dehydration: Removes water, which is essential for microbial growth
Salting: Draws out moisture through osmosis, creating an inhospitable environment for microbes
Canning: Kills microbes by heating and seals the food in airtight containers
Pickling: Uses acidic conditions to inhibit microbial growth

Practical Question

Variables:
- Independent: Variable that is changed
- Dependent: Variable that is measured
- Controlled: Variables that are kept constant
Data Reliability and Accuracy:
- Reliability: Consistency of results over repeated trials
- Accuracy: How close results are to the true value
Graphing:
- Label axes, plot points, draw a line or curve
Conclusion:
- Summarize the results and determine if the hypothesis is supported

Cell Division

Binary Fission:
- DNA replication, chromosome segregation, cytokinesis
Mitosis:
- Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Fermentation Word Equations

Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (Yeast)
Glucose → Lactic acid (Muscle cells)

Usefulness of Microbes

Decomposition: Break down organic matter, recycling nutrients
Food Production: Used in making bread, yogurt, cheese, beer, and wine
Medicine: Production of antibiotics, vaccines, and insulin
Biotechnology: Genetic engineering, bioremediation
Nitrogen Fixation: Convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants

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Description

Test your knowledge of cell theory and cellular processes, including osmosis, ribosomes, and fermentation. Review definitions and concepts related to cellular biology.