Cell Biology: Differentiation, Apoptosis, and Cancer

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that controls cell growth and division. An oncogene is a mutated or excessively activated proto-oncogene that can cause cancer.

Antioncogenes suppress the activation of specific oncogenes.

Somatic cells and germline cells.

<p>Histones are proteins that facilitate the compaction of genomic DNA by coiling it into the nucleus of a cell, providing structural support for chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An allele is a specific form of a gene, while a locus is the specific position of a gene on a chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, while a phenotype refers to the observable physical characteristics of an individual, influenced by both genotype and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dominant allele exerts its effect regardless of the other allele present, while a recessive allele's effect is only observable if two copies of the recessive allele are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes at the same loci, one chromosome inherited from the mother and the other from the father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyploidy is a condition in which a euploid cell has more than the diploid number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triploidy is a condition where a zygote has three copies of each chromosome, while aneuploidy is a condition where a cell does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes, often due to the gain or loss of a single chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A duplication involves the duplication of a segment of a chromosome, while an inversion involves the reversal of a segment of a chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A translocation involves the exchange of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Robertsonian translocation involves the fusion of the long arms of two nonhomologous chromosomes, forming a single chromosome, while a reciprocal translocation involves an exchange of segments between two nonhomologous chromosomes, without any loss of genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A concordant trait is one that is shared by both members of a twin pair, while a discordant trait is one that is present in one twin but not the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence, but rather involve modifications to the DNA or the proteins associated with it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Euchromatin is a less condensed form of DNA that is transcriptionally active, while heterochromatin is a more condensed form of DNA that is transcriptionally inactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two primary histone modifications discussed are acetylation, which leads to the relaxation of chromatin and increased transcription, and methylation, which can suppress the function of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), play a significant role in gene regulation by controlling the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are responsible for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic imprinting is a phenomenon where the expression of a gene is determined by its parental origin, meaning that only one of the two alleles is active, depending on whether it was inherited from the mother or the father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biallelic expression occurs when both maternal and paternal alleles are active and expressed, while monoallelic expression occurs when only one allele is active and the other is silenced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prader-Willi Syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by short stature, obesity, hypogonadism, and intellectual disability, typically caused by a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15 inherited from the father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both Angelman Syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome are genetic disorders, but they are caused by different genetic mechanisms. Angelman Syndrome is often caused by a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15 inherited from the mother resulting in intellectual disability, seizures, and ataxic gait. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is characterized by overgrowth, organomegaly, and an increased risk of tumors, often caused by uniparental disomy of chromosome 11.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetic disorders can be treated with DNA methylating agents, such as 5-azacytidine, and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which increase chromatic compaction and decrease transcriptional activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cell containing a multiple of 23 chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recessive allele (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoallelic expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers