Cell Biology and Development Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of C-type apoptotic cells?

They are primarily localized in the ventral region.

They express both Casp3 and Casp7.

They have shrunk cytoplasm and exist for a short time. (correct)

They maintain a round shape and are long-lived.

What happens to cell populations in an APAF mutant?

Cells proliferate normally without defects.

There is an increase in apoptosis of ventral cells.

There is a persistence of cell populations. (correct)

Both C-type and D-type cells are preserved.

How does apoptosis contribute to morphogen gradients?

By inhibiting all forms of cell signaling.

By increasing cell proliferation unconditionally.

By removing specific cell populations, allowing for gradient maintenance. (correct)

By enhancing the expression of Casp3 and Casp7 in all cells.

Which feature distinguishes D-type apoptotic cells from C-type apoptotic cells?

D-type cells are still round and capable of migration. Signup and view all the answers

What role does apoptosis play in the development of the neural tube?

It helps in the closure process by removing certain cell populations. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does S6K deficiency have on individual development?

Causes delayed development and smaller individuals Signup and view all the answers

How does FOXO influence organ size according to the signaling pathways mentioned?

Regulates cell proliferation resulting in smaller organ size Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between cell size and number in the context provided?

Cell size is independent of cell number regulation. Signup and view all the answers

What role does Myc play in wing cell development as described?

Promotes faster growth leading to cell competition Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of dS6K overexpression?

Leads to twisted wings and enlarged cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind the formation of P granules in C. elegans?

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) Signup and view all the answers

In C. elegans, how does the Notch signaling pathway influence cell differentiation?

It only signals to one of the daughter cells during asymmetric division. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the initial embryonic stage in Drosophila melanogaster?

An acellular syncytial stage with multiple nuclei. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the P granules in C. elegans?

Facilitating protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which genes are particularly involved in defining the identity of body segments in Drosophila?

Homeotic genes Signup and view all the answers

What role does Prickle play in the process of convergent extension?

It activates myosin, pulling the membrane to facilitate elongation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of impaired convergent extension during embryonic development?

Development of conditions like exocephaly and spina bifida. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a part of the Wnt/PCP pathway involved in morphogenesis?

Cadherin Signup and view all the answers

What happens when Lrp5 is blocked through knockout techniques?

Convergent extension does not take place. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'convergent extension' specifically refer to in embryonic development?

The elongation of the body axis due to cell migration towards the center. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Jap complex in Drosophila apoptosis?

It inhibits apoptosis by degrading executioner proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule specifically inhibits executioner caspases in the apoptosis process described?

p35 Signup and view all the answers

In the context of apoptosis-induced proliferation (AIP), what is the significance of secreting factors?

It enables cells to survive and promotes tissue repair. Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are involved in the degradation process of Diap 1 to activate apoptosis?

Hid, Reaper, and Grim Signup and view all the answers

During the compensatory proliferation process, what is the consequence of apoptosis waves in Drosophila?

Reduction of the eye due to cell hyperplasia. Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct outcome of activating Junk signaling in cells undergoing apoptosis-induced proliferation?

Secretion of proliferative signals to surrounding cells. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the relationship between AIV and AIA in the context of apoptosis?

AIV leads to enhancement of cell survival, while AIA induces apoptosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is indicated as a key molecule in apoptosis signaling, particularly in Drosophila?

Dronc Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during embryogenesis?

To facilitate the formation of new tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with epithelial cells in their differentiated state?

Focal cell-cell interaction Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the apoptotic wave during catagene in the follicle?

Signal transmission from primary cells to higher cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play in cellular signaling?

Affecting signal transduction and morphogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells during MET?

Mesenchymal cells are spindle-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lipids are involved in posttranslational modifications in the context of morphogen transport?

Palmitic acid and cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

During the process of EMT, which marker is commonly expressed in epithelial cells?

E-cadherin Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows terminally differentiated cells to change their phenotype?

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport is mediated by binding to soluble partners in Drosophila?

Facilitated transport that can increase or decrease ligand activity Signup and view all the answers

Which LDL receptor is specifically mentioned as part of Wnt signaling in Drosophila?

LRP6 Signup and view all the answers

Which of these properties is NOT typically observed in mesenchymal cells?

Polygonal cell shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TNF molecules during catagene?

They initiate a cascade of apoptosis in the follicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structure formed from proteins in the Golgi complex that aids in the transport of lipoproteins?

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to signaling in Drosophila wing discs when lipoprotein levels are reduced?

Long-term signaling is lost while short-term response remains Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for establishing the boundary between neuroectoderm and epidermal ectoderm in Drosophila?

Sog Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of lipoprotein particles in the context of cellular signaling?

Transporting cholesterol and other lipids and proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?

Act as a reservoir for paracrine signals Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heparan sulfate is characterized as being membrane-based?

Glypicans Signup and view all the answers

What happens if there is a mutation that blocks the synthesis of heparan sulfate?

Defective cell migration and morphogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of ECM components when viewed from a biochemical perspective?

Composition of various proteins and polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Which ECM component is specifically mentioned as binding growth factors?

Proteoglycans Signup and view all the answers

How do ECM components contribute to the sensation of the surrounding environment?

By providing perception of stiffness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options correctly describes the structure of a proteoglycan?

A central protein with a covalently bonded polysaccharide chain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT categorized as a component of the extracellular matrix?

Cytoplasmic proteins Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes stereotypical branching in organisms?

The pattern of branches is genetically controlled. Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the creation of new branches through the formation of grooves?

Clefting Signup and view all the answers

In invasive collective cell migration, what specifies the identity of the leader cells?

RTK signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling mechanism is specifically involved in the leading cells of Drosophila trachea?

FGF/Bni signaling Signup and view all the answers

What does budding specifically refer to in the context of morphogenesis?

De novo formation of new branches from primordial buds. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes stochastic branching from stereotypical branching?

It occurs without any spatial limits. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is involved in lateral inhibition during cell migration in branching organ development?

Delta/Notch signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding morphogenesis of branching organs?

Both formation of new branches and reorganization of old branches are included. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Notch pathway in the asymmetric division of cells in C. elegans?

It allows for unequal signaling between the daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

In early embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster, what is the significance of having a syncytial blastoderm?

It allows for rapid cellular differentiation post-membrane formation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of P granules during the first cell divisions of C. elegans?

They are involved in the transport of mRNA and proteins to specific cell regions. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the asymmetric division of P1 cell in C. elegans?

The different locations of sperm entry in the egg. Signup and view all the answers

How does liquid-liquid phase separation (LLFS) contribute to the formation of P granules?

Through spontaneous droplet formation in the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of maternal effect genes in Drosophila development?

They assist in the initial specification of the body plan. Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the movement of P granules within C. elegans cells?

Cytoskeleton-assisted directed transport. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of asymmetric division in C. elegans regarding cell fate?

One daughter cell maintains stem cell properties while the other differentiates. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for the three-dimensional reorganization of cells into tissues during development?

Morphogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves a change of curvature during morphogenesis?

Involution Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a significant role in regulating the interactions between different groups of cells during embryonic development?

Cell cycle regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of morphogenetic processes as described?

Creation of complex 3D structures Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of morphogens?

They create a concentration gradient that signals positional information. Signup and view all the answers

Which morphogenetic process involves cells losing their polarity and ability to migrate?

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling pathway is mentioned as an example in the context of morphogenesis regulation?

Wnt signaling pathway Signup and view all the answers

How do tissues form from cell populations during embryogenesis?

Via rearrangement and fusion of progenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the extracellular matrix during development?

To bind morphogens and aid in signaling Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon mainly describes the overgrowth of epithelial cells during early embryogenesis?

Epibolism Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during development?

It allows epithelial cells to gain migratory properties. Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes to the narrowing and elongation of structures along their axis?

Convergent extension Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for regulating symmetry/asymmetry during tissue formation?

Morphogen gradients Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of segmenting clocks during early embryogenesis?

They manage the collective behavior of differentiating cells for organ placement. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of cell death during morphogenesis?

To shape tissues effectively Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT classified under morphogenetic processes?

Cell fusion Signup and view all the answers

How do ligands impact extracellular movement?

They can influence movement through interactions with ECM and secreted proteins. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of morphogen transport, what does the model of a drunken sailor represent?

Random movement of morphogens leading to a diffusion gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to morphogens in a simple diffusion model?

They evenly distribute throughout the tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of having a gradient in morphogen concentration?

It allows for differential signaling leading to varied cellular responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of controlled diffusion models in morphogen movement?

The presence of attractants can limit morphogen dispersion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between morphogens and the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Morphogens can interact with ECM, influencing their movement and function. Signup and view all the answers

What role do post-translational modifications play in the function of ligands?

They alter ligand mobility and interaction with membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of random movement in the model of a drunken sailor on morphogens?

It leads to collisions that alter directions, affecting gradient formation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Mesp gene in the formation of somites?

To control the transformation from mesenchymal to epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What does the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enable for metastatic cells?

Escape through the bloodstream to form metastases Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential in anchoring mesenchymal cells during the process of MET?

Ephrin-B2 Signup and view all the answers

What was previously believed about the origin of the adenohypophysis?

It is exclusively derived from ectodermal tissue Signup and view all the answers

What defines stereotypical branching in mammals and Drosophila?

Branching patterns are genetically influenced and controlled. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vesicles, such as exosomes, in the context of metastasis?

To prevent the recognition of tumor cells by the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which feature characterizes the structure of somites during embryonic development?

They consist of epithelial blocks formed from mesenchymal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes to the formation of new branches in morphogenesis?

Budding Signup and view all the answers

How does apoptosis influence the process of dorsal closure in Drosophila embryos?

It allows the ectodermal tissues to partially move inside the body. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the stabilization of the epithelial cells within the somite structure?

Ephrin-E4 expression Signup and view all the answers

What role does RTK signaling play in the development of leading cells during branch formation?

It specifically marks the identity of leading cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of inhibiting apoptosis during dorsal closure in Drosophila?

It leads to a delay in the closure of the dorsal end of the embryo. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is indicative of the transformation during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)?

Increased cellular invasiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which specific mechanism is involved in the shape changes of cells during apoptosis in Drosophila?

Rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and changes in cell morphology. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Delta/Notch signaling in invasive collective cell migration?

To inhibit lateral cell switching to maintain structure. Signup and view all the answers

What specific role does apoptosis play in the morphogenesis of male gonads in Drosophila?

It facilitates the rotation of the gonads by allowing tissue reorganization. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the clefting process of morphogenesis?

Existing branches split, leading to new vertices. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of invasive collective cell migration?

Individual random movements of all cells. Signup and view all the answers

In vertebrates, what morphological process is primarily driven by apoptosis?

Closure of the neural tube from the neural plate. Signup and view all the answers

During the closure of the neural plate in vertebrates, what is the pattern of cell movement influenced by apoptosis?

Cells migrate along the axis of the body in coordination with neural plate closure. Signup and view all the answers

How do budding and clefting differ in their mechanisms of branch formation?

Budding creates new branches and clefting creates grooves. Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular changes are induced by mechanical stress during the process of apoptosis?

Activation of caspases and morphological changes in mitochondria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dual effect of ectopic induction of apoptosis in Drosophila dorsal closure?

It delays closure yet may accelerate the dynamics of the process. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Biology of Animals

This is a new master's program; oral exams start in January.
Syllabus includes:
- Introduction to developmental biology, morphogenesis principles, and its regulation
- Regulation of cell differentiation and preservation of cell differentiation status
- The role of cell death in morphogenesis
- Epithelial mesenchymal transformation in development
- The role of extracellular matrix in development and adhesion
- The role of senescence in development
- Regulation of cell and organ size in development and their necessity
- The role of cell migration and polarity in development and examples of disorders
- Role and regulation of epithelial branching in morphogenesis
- Influence of physical phenomena on development
- Regulation of symmetry/asymmetry in tissue formation

Lecture: Introduction to Developmental Biology

Morphogenesis: The main process of forming a complex multicellular organism.
Classification of morphogenetic processes:
- Cavitation, apoptosis, A-P polarization (glands, ducts)
- Tissue rearrangement/fusion.
- Organ formation at specific places.
- Interdigital spaces, tails, limbs, etc.
Morphogen Definition and Examples:
- Secreted factors that create concentration gradients, providing positional information to other cells.
- Examples include Shh, FGF, Retinoic Acid.

Morphogenesis Processes

Processes involved in morphogenesis:
Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell migration
Cell death
Growth
Metamorphosis
Tissue repair
Regeneration
EVO/DEVO

Basic Nomenclature

Morphogenesis: The main process by which a complex multicellular organism is formed involving the structural and functional reorganization of cells into tissues and then organs.
Precise coordination: The reorganization of shapes of cells from different progenitors and from various sites of the embryo, is crucial for the specification of tissues boundaries.
Cell group interactions: The precise and coordinated regulation of cell interactions in space and time is essential for the proper development of organs and tissues.

Classification of Morphogenetic Processes

Condensation: Cells differentiate to form tissues (e.g., bones, tendons, and muscles)
Cavitation: Formation of cavities or lumens (e.g., in lungs)
MET: Cells lose mobility and gain polarity (e.g., kidney development)
Epibolism: Epithelial cells overgrow to form structures
Involutation: Change curvature

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores various aspects of cell biology and developmental processes, focusing on topics such as apoptosis, signaling pathways, and embryonic development. Discover the roles of different proteins and pathways in shaping cell behavior and differentiation. Test your knowledge of C. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster models in developmental biology.