Sect 9 Quiz Mixed Hard

An unspecialized cell capable of self-renewal and producing specialized cells.

The developmental history of a cell, from birth to differentiation into a specialized cell type.

The ultimate cell type a specific cell will develop into.

Programmed cell death, essential for development and homeostasis.

Stem cells derived from embryos, known for their pluripotency.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, adult cells reprogrammed to become pluripotent.

Stem cells capable of differentiating into various cell types, but not all.

Stem cells capable of differentiating into several related cell types.

Stem cells capable of differentiating into any cell type, including extra-embryonic tissues.

Cells that are partially specialized and committed to a particular lineage of cells.

Stem cells obtained from fetuses, possessing greater differentiation potential than adult stem cells.

Stem cells sourced from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.

Adult cells reprogrammed to have stem cell capabilities.

Cells capable of developing into any cell type in the embryo and extraembryonic tissues (e.g., placenta).

Cells able to differentiate into all the cell types of the embryo, excluding extraembryonic tissues.

Stem cells differentiating into several cell types within a certain tissue or organ system.

Cells with the ability to become only one particular cell type.

Specialized region of cells found within the early embryo, giving rise to all embryonic tissues, but not extraembryonic tissues.

Stem cells found in adult tissues that support the regeneration of those tissues.

An early stage of the developing embryo that typically occurs 4-5 days after fertilization, containing an inner cell mass.

Stem cells that can differentiate into multiple cell types, but are limited compared to pluripotent cells.

The number of stem cells of a specific type remains the same or increases throughout an organism's lifetime.

Daughter cells that divide rapidly and undergo limited self-renewal divisions, ultimately producing lineage-restricted progenitor cells.

Stem cells that replenish all types of blood cells.

Cells that proliferate under the control of specific proteins (cytokines) to produce different cell types.

Stem cells that continuously generate all cells of the intestinal lining (epithelium).

The tissue lining the intestine, which is highly regenerative.

The environment that helps intestinal stem cells maintain self-renewal and prevents premature differentiation.

A receptor expressed by intestinal stem cells at the base of crypts.

A signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal stem cells in an undifferentiated state.

Pits located deep in the intestinal wall where intestinal stem cells reside.

The most abundant cells in the intestinal epithelium, transporting nutrients for survival.

A cell division process where daughter cells inherit different components (like mRNA, proteins), resulting in variations in their size, shape, or protein content, even though they share the same genes.

Caspases are enzymes that trigger cell death. Other proteins help activate them.

The process where a cell establishes an internal directional pattern, crucial for distributing cell components asymmetrically during division.

Small membrane-bound packages of cell fragments released during apoptosis, engulfed by other cells.

Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death (bursting and damaging surrounding cells). Apoptosis is controlled cell death (cell shrinks and fragments).

Specific mRNA, proteins, and lipids that are distributed unevenly in a cell to create polarity and influence future cell fate.

The alignment of the mitotic spindle during cell division; it dictates the segregation of cell polarity determinants to daughter cells.

A group of proteins (some pro-survival, some pro-death) that regulate apoptosis.

Essential signals (molecules) that support cell survival, and whose absence leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Bax and Bak proteins form channels to release cytochrome c from mitochondria, triggering caspase activation.

A controlled process of cell suicide essential for development, tissue maintenance, and homeostasis caused by the lack of signals.

Cytochrome c escapes mitochondria during apoptosis, activating caspase cascade.

Proteins like Puma, Bad, and Bim that bind to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, promoting cell death.

Regulatory proteins (enzymes) that carry out the process of apoptosis in vertebrates.

Daughter cells inherit virtually identical sets of molecules and components from the parental cell. A common process in mature hepatocytes.

Substances that induce cell survival by regulating interactions within the apoptotic cell pathway.

An external signal or cue that instructs a cell on which direction to establish its polarity.

Cellular damage that can induce the synthesis of Puma proteins, which trigger apoptosis.

A pathway that helps determine whether Lgr5+ cells become absorptive or secretory cells in the intestines.

A type of stem cell that plays a role in intestinal cell differentiation.

Cells in the intestine that produce antimicrobial proteins.

Cells that produce Paneth cells, with a turnover every 3-6 weeks.

Stem cells that can restore Lgr5+ stem cells after injury.

Cells with long protrusions that provide growth factors for stem cells in the intestines.

Specialized cells that produce and release hormones in the intestines.

Chemosensory cells in the lining of intestines and respiratory tract.

Cells that secrete mucus to protect the intestinal lining.

Specialized immune cells that absorb intestinal antigens.

Induced pluripotent stem cells, derived from somatic cells.

Cell division that creates two identical daughter cells.