Cell Biology Components

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Translation of mRNA into membrane-associated proteins or for secretion out of the cell (correct)

Control of what enters and exits the nucleus

Metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides

Synthesis of lipids

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

Ca2+ storage

Protein synthesis

Fatty acid synthesis

Modification and packaging of proteins and lipids for delivery to other organelles or secretion (correct)

Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?

Cytoplasm

Cytosol

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

All of the above (correct)

What is the term for a protein as it is being formed by a ribosome before it folds into its active shape?

Nascent protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesis of lipids, Ca2+ storage, and steroid production Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of protein synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Outer surface of the membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the Golgi apparatus?

Shaped stacks of cisternae Signup and view all the answers

Where does metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides occur in the cell?

Cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the folded inner membrane of mitochondria?

To increase surface area for ATP production Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of protein synthesis in a cell?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

Intracellular digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in mitochondria?

To generate ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of peroxisomes?

To undergo chemical detoxification and lipid metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

To act as a selective barrier, allowing only small, non-polar molecules to pass through Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of endosomes?

Sorting and delivery of lipid vesicles and their contents to and from the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

Where do vesicles leave from in the Golgi body?

The trans face Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus in a eukaryotic cell?

Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condensed, tightly packed DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

Heterochromatin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is responsible for storing DNA and coordinating the cell's activities?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell?

Allows macromolecules to pass through when entering or exiting the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetic information flow from DNA to RNA to protein, or RNA directly to protein?

Central Dogma Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

Found in a circular plasmid Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

Stores DNA and coordinates the cell's activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the compartment of a cell with a specific function?

Organelle Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Components

Cytoplasm: site of metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acid synthesis
Cytosol: site of metabolism and protein synthesis (free ribosomes)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough ER: translation of mRNA into membrane-associated proteins or for secretion out of the cell
Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, Ca²⁺ storage, and steroid production
Nascent protein: a protein as it is being formed by a ribosome before it folds into its active shape

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for delivery to other organelles within the cell or for secretion out of the cell
Shaped stacks of cisternae with polarity, proteins move from the convex/cis (entry point) to concave/trans end of the stack and are modified as they move
Vesicles leave from the concave/trans face of the Golgi body

Mitochondria

Double-membraned organelles with a smooth outer and a folded inner lipid bilayer membrane
Inner membrane forms folds called cristae, which boost the surface area for ATP production
Matrix houses the Krebs cycle, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes crucial for ATP generation through the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Ribosome

Composed of two rRNA subunits (40s+60s for eukaryotes, 50s +30s for prokaryotes) that wrap around mRNA to begin translation and protein synthesis
Site of protein synthesis (translation) within the cell

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound organelles that contain acid hydrolases at pH 5
Function: intracellular digestion

Peroxisomes

Membrane-bound organelle that undergoes chemical detoxification and lipid metabolism

Proteosome

Function: degradation of intracellular proteins

Endosome

Function: sorting and delivery of lipid vesicles and their contents to and from the plasma membrane

Plasma Membrane

Acts as a selective barrier, allowing only small, non-polar molecules to pass through passively
Functions: controls what enters and exits the nucleus

Cell Types

Prokaryote Cell: no nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, circular plasmid DNA, important for gene modification
Eukaryotic Cell: has a nucleus, organelle-compartment of a cell with a specific function

Nucleus

Contains DNA, nucleoproteins, and RNA
Function: stores DNA and coordinates the cell's activities, such as growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division
Heterochromatin: condensed, tightly packed DNA, appears dark, no active RNA synthesis
Euchromatin: uncondensed DNA, appears light, has active RNA synthesis

Nucleolus

Found within the nucleus
Function: site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Nuclear Envelope

A double-layered membrane
Contains nuclear pores, allowing macromolecules to pass through when entering or exiting the nucleus

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Description

This quiz covers the components of a cell, including cytoplasm, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and their functions. Test your knowledge of cell biology!