Patho Chp 1-3
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system recirculates excess interstitial fluid back into the blood and is also a major part of the immune system.

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

The five cardinal signs of inflammation are: Heat, Redness, Swelling, Pain, and Loss of Function.

What is the function of myofibroblasts during wound healing?

  • They contract to pull the wound closed. (correct)
  • They help form new blood vessels.
  • They produce cytokines to stimulate healing.
  • They break down damaged tissue.

    • Which type of collagen is found in tendons and mature scar tissue?

    <p>Type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper order of bone healing phases?

    <p>Inflammatory, Reparative, Remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a complication of wound healing? (Choose all that apply)

    <p>Hypertrophic scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'gate control theory' states that pain signals can be blocked or reduced by activating other sensory pathways.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a MET (metabolic equivalent)?

    <p>A MET is a measure of the energy expenditure of physical activity, with 1 MET being equal to the energy used at rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of angina pectoris?

    <p>Acute ischemic chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Atherosclerosis is primarily caused by the buildup of plaque (fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances) inside the arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction?

    <p>Cardiac arrest is the sudden stopping of the heart's electrical activity, while a myocardial infarction is a heart attack caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the endocardium in the heart?

    <p>The endocardium is the inner lining of the heart and plays a crucial role in preventing blood clotting and in regulating the flow of blood through the heart chambers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertension can lead to heart failure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the pericardium?

    <p>Pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary causes of valve diseases?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?

    <p>A sprain is an injury to a ligament, while a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the Buerger-Allen exercise?

    <p>Applying heat therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac surgery is always necessary to treat heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the cardiac catheterization procedure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hypovolemic shock?

    <p>A common symptom of hypovolemic shock is low blood pressure due to insufficient blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raynaud's syndrome primarily affects the extremities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a venous disease?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?

    <p>The spleen plays a crucial role in filtering blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells, and storing white blood cells (lymphocytes) to fight infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the inflammation of the heart muscle?

    <p>Myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an orthotopic and heterotopic heart transplant?

    <p>In an orthotopic heart transplant, the donor heart replaces the recipient's heart completely. In a heterotopic heart transplant, the donor heart is placed next to the recipient's heart and connected to the circulatory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pacemaker is a device used to regulate heart rhythm by delivering electrical impulses to the heart.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PCTA)?

    <p>The primary goal of PCTA is to widen narrowed or blocked coronary arteries by inserting a small balloon catheter into the artery and inflating it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A MET (metabolic equivalent) is a measure of the energy expenditure of physical activity, with 1 MET being equal to the energy used at rest.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a light-intensity activity according to the Compendium of Physical Activities?

    <p>Walking at 3 mph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the baroreceptor reflex?

    <p>The baroreceptor reflex helps regulate blood pressure by detecting changes in blood pressure and adjusting heart rate and blood vessel diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a part of the neural control system of the heart?

    <p>Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart to increase its rate and force of contraction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system can decrease heart rate and contractility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common site for a pulse check?

    <p>Splenic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a heart murmur?

    <p>A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat, often caused by problems with heart valves, blood flow, or the heart muscle itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a common cause of heart block?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intermittent claudication is characterized by pain in the legs or arms during exercise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common treatment for intermittent claudication?

    <p>Lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diastolic heart murmur is usually heard when the heart valves are open.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of cardiac disease?

    <p>Loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for endocarditis?

    <p>A common treatment for endocarditis is intravenous antibiotics, which are often administered for a prolonged period, typically 2-6 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Atherosclerotic cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between congestive heart failure and heart failure?

    <p>Congestive heart failure is a specific type of heart failure in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues. Heart failure is a broader term that encompasses any condition in which the heart is unable to meet the body's circulatory needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common treatment for heart failure?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A heart transplant is the only effective treatment for end-stage heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>The lymphatic system recirculates excess interstitial fluid back into the blood and is also a major part of the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 1: The Central Dogma

    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains unique genetic material for each individual (except identical twins).
    • RNA (ribonucleic acid) includes rRNA (ribosomal RNA) found in ribosomes for protein synthesis, mRNA (messenger RNA) that carries information from DNA to ribosomes, and tRNA (transfer RNA) that brings amino acids to ribosomes.

    Cell Injury

    • Reversible: Cell damage is temporary.

      • Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen.
      • Anoxia: Absence of oxygen.
      • Edema: Excessive fluid buildup.
      • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size.
      • Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number.
      • Metaplasia: Change in cell type.

    • Irreversible: Permanent cell damage.

      • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
      • Causes: Hypoxia, Anoxia, Toxic substances, Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi), Ischemia (lack of blood flow).

    Cell Injury (continued)

    • Irreversible (continued):
      • Nucleus damage: Pyknosis(shrinking and darkening), Karyorrhexis(nucleus fragmentation), Karyolysis(nucleus dissolution).
      • Necrosis: Tissue death.
        • Liquefactive: Tissue becomes liquid.
        • Coagulative: Tissue becomes firm and pale.
        • Caseous: Tissue turns cheese-like.
        • Fat: Necrosis in fat cells.
    • Dystrophic calcification, Metastatic calcification, and Heterotopic calcification are calcium buildup in damaged/healthy or abnormal tissue location.

    Inflammation

    • Inflammation: Body's response to injury.
    • Cardinal signs: Heat (calor), Redness (rubor), Swelling (tumor), Pain (dolor), Loss of function.
    • Physical therapy treatment for inflammation (acute): Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (RICE).

    Healing

    • Cells involved in healing: Myofibroblasts, Angioblasts, Fibroblasts.
    • Components of granulation tissue: Type I collagen, Type II collagen, Type III collagen, Type IV collagen.
    • Types of healing: Regeneration (re-establishment), Repair (scar formation), Reversible cell injury, Irreversible cell injury, Surgical wounds (first intention and second intention), and Delayed healing.

    Complications of Wound Healing

    • Delayed healing complications: Keloid and hypertrophic scarring, Contractures, Fibrosis, Dehiscence, Pressure ulcers.

    Healing Modalities

    • Different physical modalities for healing (e.g., ultrasound, electrical stimulation, whirlpool, short-wave diathermy, vacuum-assisted closure)

    Pain

    • Pain control theories: Endogenous opiates, Gate control.
    • Physical therapy interventions, chronic pain management, visual analog scales, McGill pain questionnaire pain assessment methodology

    Pain Assessment

    • Location, intensity, duration, Onset & mechanism of injury, Pain behavior over 24 hours, Aggravating & relieving factors, Thoughts,beliefs & attitudes about pain, Past & current treatments, and Readiness for treatment.

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    Pathology for the PTA PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the central dogma of molecular biology, including DNA and RNA functions, as well as the types of cell injuries. Understand the distinctions between reversible and irreversible cell damage and their implications in biological systems.

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