Patho Chp 1-3

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system recirculates excess interstitial fluid back into the blood and is also a major part of the immune system.

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

The five cardinal signs of inflammation are: Heat, Redness, Swelling, Pain, and Loss of Function.

What is the function of myofibroblasts during wound healing?

  • They contract to pull the wound closed. (correct)
  • They help form new blood vessels.
  • They produce cytokines to stimulate healing.
  • They break down damaged tissue.

Which type of collagen is found in tendons and mature scar tissue?

<p>Type I collagen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper order of bone healing phases?

<p>Inflammatory, Reparative, Remodeling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a complication of wound healing? (Choose all that apply)

<p>Hypertrophic scarring (A), Pressure ulcer (C), Dehiscence (D), Keloid scarring (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'gate control theory' states that pain signals can be blocked or reduced by activating other sensory pathways.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a MET (metabolic equivalent)?

<p>A MET is a measure of the energy expenditure of physical activity, with 1 MET being equal to the energy used at rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of angina pectoris?

<p>Acute ischemic chest pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?

<p>Atherosclerosis is primarily caused by the buildup of plaque (fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances) inside the arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction?

<p>Cardiac arrest is the sudden stopping of the heart's electrical activity, while a myocardial infarction is a heart attack caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the endocardium in the heart?

<p>The endocardium is the inner lining of the heart and plays a crucial role in preventing blood clotting and in regulating the flow of blood through the heart chambers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypertension can lead to heart failure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the pericardium?

<p>Pericarditis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary causes of valve diseases?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?

<p>A sprain is an injury to a ligament, while a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Buerger-Allen exercise?

<p>Applying heat therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac surgery is always necessary to treat heart failure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the cardiac catheterization procedure?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hypovolemic shock?

<p>A common symptom of hypovolemic shock is low blood pressure due to insufficient blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Raynaud's syndrome primarily affects the extremities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a venous disease?

<p>Atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?

<p>The spleen plays a crucial role in filtering blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells, and storing white blood cells (lymphocytes) to fight infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the inflammation of the heart muscle?

<p>Myocarditis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an orthotopic and heterotopic heart transplant?

<p>In an orthotopic heart transplant, the donor heart replaces the recipient's heart completely. In a heterotopic heart transplant, the donor heart is placed next to the recipient's heart and connected to the circulatory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pacemaker is a device used to regulate heart rhythm by delivering electrical impulses to the heart.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PCTA)?

<p>The primary goal of PCTA is to widen narrowed or blocked coronary arteries by inserting a small balloon catheter into the artery and inflating it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A MET (metabolic equivalent) is a measure of the energy expenditure of physical activity, with 1 MET being equal to the energy used at rest.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a light-intensity activity according to the Compendium of Physical Activities?

<p>Walking at 3 mph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the baroreceptor reflex?

<p>The baroreceptor reflex helps regulate blood pressure by detecting changes in blood pressure and adjusting heart rate and blood vessel diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a part of the neural control system of the heart?

<p>Purkinje fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart to increase its rate and force of contraction.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parasympathetic nervous system can decrease heart rate and contractility.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common site for a pulse check?

<p>Splenic artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a heart murmur?

<p>A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat, often caused by problems with heart valves, blood flow, or the heart muscle itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a common cause of heart block?

<p>Myocardial infarction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intermittent claudication is characterized by pain in the legs or arms during exercise.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common treatment for intermittent claudication?

<p>Lifestyle changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A diastolic heart murmur is usually heard when the heart valves are open.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of cardiac disease?

<p>Loss of appetite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for endocarditis?

<p>A common treatment for endocarditis is intravenous antibiotics, which are often administered for a prolonged period, typically 2-6 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cardiomyopathy?

<p>Atherosclerotic cardiomyopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between congestive heart failure and heart failure?

<p>Congestive heart failure is a specific type of heart failure in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues. Heart failure is a broader term that encompasses any condition in which the heart is unable to meet the body's circulatory needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common treatment for heart failure?

<p>Antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A heart transplant is the only effective treatment for end-stage heart failure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

<p>The lymphatic system recirculates excess interstitial fluid back into the blood and is also a major part of the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA.

Translation

The process of using RNA to create proteins.

Necrosis

Cell death caused by injury or disease.

Inflammation

The body's response to injury or infection.

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Neutrophil

Type of white blood cell that is the first responder to infection.

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Lymphocyte

Type of white blood cell that recognizes and attacks specific invaders.

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Monocyte

Type of white blood cell that cleans up dead or damaged cells.

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Eosinophil

Type of white blood cell that fights off parasites.

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Basophil

Type of white blood cell that releases histamine in response to allergens.

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Macrophage

Fragments of monocytes that help clot and repair injuries.

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Myofibroblast

A type of cell found in wound healing that helps pull wounds closed.

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Angioblast

A type of cell found in wound healing that helps form new blood vessels.

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Fibroblast

A type of cell found in wound healing that produces collagen and connective tissue.

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Granulation tissue

New tissue formed after wound healing.

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Scar tissue

Tough, fibrous tissue formed during wound healing.

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Primary Intention Healing

A type of wound healing where the edges are brought together and held in place.

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Secondary Intention Healing

A type of wound healing where the wound is left open and heals naturally.

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Keloid

An overgrowth of scar tissue.

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Hypertrophic scar

Excessively thick scar tissue.

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Dehiscence

A wound that bursts open before healing.

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Ulcers

Open sores or lesions on the skin.

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MET

A measure of the intensity of physical activity.

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Myocardium

The muscle of the heart.

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Endocardium

The inner lining of the heart muscle.

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Tricuspid valve

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

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Bicuspid valve

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

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Semilunar valves

The valves between the ventricles and the arteries.

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Fibrous pericardium

The outer layer of the pericardium.

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Parietal pericardium

The middle layer of the pericardium.

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Visceral pericardium

The inner layer of the pericardium.

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Papillary muscles

Muscles inside the ventricles that prevent backflow of blood.

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Cardiac output

The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.

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Blood Pressure

The pressure of blood against the walls of arteries.

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Tunica intima

The inner layer of blood vessels.

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Tunica media

The middle layer of blood vessels.

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Tunica externa

The outer layer of blood vessels.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: The Central Dogma

  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains unique genetic material for each individual (except identical twins).
  • RNA (ribonucleic acid) includes rRNA (ribosomal RNA) found in ribosomes for protein synthesis, mRNA (messenger RNA) that carries information from DNA to ribosomes, and tRNA (transfer RNA) that brings amino acids to ribosomes.

Cell Injury

  • Reversible: Cell damage is temporary.

    • Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen.
    • Anoxia: Absence of oxygen.
    • Edema: Excessive fluid buildup.
    • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size.
    • Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number.
    • Metaplasia: Change in cell type.

  • Irreversible: Permanent cell damage.

    • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
    • Causes: Hypoxia, Anoxia, Toxic substances, Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi), Ischemia (lack of blood flow).

Cell Injury (continued)

  • Irreversible (continued):
    • Nucleus damage: Pyknosis(shrinking and darkening), Karyorrhexis(nucleus fragmentation), Karyolysis(nucleus dissolution).
    • Necrosis: Tissue death.
      • Liquefactive: Tissue becomes liquid.
      • Coagulative: Tissue becomes firm and pale.
      • Caseous: Tissue turns cheese-like.
      • Fat: Necrosis in fat cells.
  • Dystrophic calcification, Metastatic calcification, and Heterotopic calcification are calcium buildup in damaged/healthy or abnormal tissue location.

Inflammation

  • Inflammation: Body's response to injury.
  • Cardinal signs: Heat (calor), Redness (rubor), Swelling (tumor), Pain (dolor), Loss of function.
  • Physical therapy treatment for inflammation (acute): Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (RICE).

Healing

  • Cells involved in healing: Myofibroblasts, Angioblasts, Fibroblasts.
  • Components of granulation tissue: Type I collagen, Type II collagen, Type III collagen, Type IV collagen.
  • Types of healing: Regeneration (re-establishment), Repair (scar formation), Reversible cell injury, Irreversible cell injury, Surgical wounds (first intention and second intention), and Delayed healing.

Complications of Wound Healing

  • Delayed healing complications: Keloid and hypertrophic scarring, Contractures, Fibrosis, Dehiscence, Pressure ulcers.

Healing Modalities

  • Different physical modalities for healing (e.g., ultrasound, electrical stimulation, whirlpool, short-wave diathermy, vacuum-assisted closure)

Pain

  • Pain control theories: Endogenous opiates, Gate control.
  • Physical therapy interventions, chronic pain management, visual analog scales, McGill pain questionnaire pain assessment methodology

Pain Assessment

  • Location, intensity, duration, Onset & mechanism of injury, Pain behavior over 24 hours, Aggravating & relieving factors, Thoughts,beliefs & attitudes about pain, Past & current treatments, and Readiness for treatment.

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