Pathology for the PTA PDF

Pathology for the PTA  Chapter 1 The Central Dogma The basic aspect of what happens to: DNA RNA Protein Transcription Transl...

Pathology for the PTA  Chapter 1 The Central Dogma The basic aspect of what happens to: DNA RNA Protein Transcription Translation Death of a cell Not enough or low oxygen No oxygen Swelling from excessive fluid buildup Increase in cell size ADD Chemical or substance damages the cell Increase cell number M Bacteria/virus/ fungus damages cell Change in cell type Loss of blood flow leading to low oxygen N... Calcium build up in damaged tissue nucleus shrinks and darkens Calcium build up in healthy tissue due to high Nucleus breaks into small pieces levels of calcium nucleus dissolves/fades away Calcium where calcium is usually not found Tissue turns into liquid Tissue becomes firm and pale Tissue turns cheese-like Necrosis in fat cells/tissue 1 u 2 y 3 · 4 5 2332  - Inflammations ~ z White Blood cells Never: Neutrophils First responders to infection (move and attack invaders) > Part of the immune system that Recognize, remember and Let: Lymphocytes attack invaders (T cells and B cells) Monkeys: Monocytes Clean up dead or damaged cells Eat: Eosinophils Fight off parasites Bananas: Basophils engage - in allergic reaction and inflammation by releasing histamine Fragments of monocytes that help clog and repair injuries Short term engage in allergic reaction and inflammation by releasing histamine Long term Part of the immune system Reinjury on chronic inflammation that Recognize, remember and attack invaders (T cells and B cells) T: Clear/watery fluid in the blood vessels E: Thicker fluid because of inflammation/infection Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation Electrical currents intersecting across the injury to treat pain and promote healing PNS (Myofibroblasts, Angioblasts, Fibroblasts) are the first cells to arrive at the site of injury. Macrophages take over and produce Cytokines to stimulate healing. A cell mixture of fibroblast and smooth muscle that produces collagen and connective tissue to repair damaged areas with the ability to contract like a muscle to pull the wound closed. Helps form new blood vessels 1. Contraction of wound (Proliferation Phase) Myofibroblasts "contractors" arrive to pull and contract New tissue formed after wound healing the edges of the wound close together through small muscles. A scab is formed with the necrotic tissue macrophages remove from the injury, the scar keeps a moist safe environment for healing. 2. Granulation tissue (proliferation phase) is formed from fibrin. Then the Angioblasts "plumbers" arrive to new blood vessels to the injury to supply the nutrients and oxygen necessary to keep the repair working. 3.) Organization The fibrin tissue is organized 4.) Scar tissue Scar tissue formed by Fibroblasts "builders." 5.) remodeling of scar tissue Fibrous scar tissue heals into normal tissue minimal tissue loss heal. This type of healing occurs when the edges of a wound are brought together and held in place, typically by sutures, staples, or adhesive strips. a wound is left open and heals naturally without surgical closure. This process happens in wounds with significant tissue loss.  Overgrowth/raised of scar tissue Too much collagen leading to thickening of tissue Wound bursts open before closing/healing (blister, pimple, ulcer) Open sores/lesions on the skin · Healing Modalities Interventions for Inflammation Acute (24 hours of injury) If its hot cool it down, if its cold heat it up. Contraindications: Ultra sound, heat pack, Electrical stimulation Interferential Therapy is acceptable Rest (sling, brace, cast) Ice (reduces pain and edema) Compression (reduce edema, stimulate vascular/lymphatic drainage) Elevation Subacute (after 24 hours of injury) If the injury is not warm or Erythema it is acceptable to: electrical modality (Edema, pain, inflammation reduction) non-thermal ultra sound (stimulates healing) gentle AROM Chronic Any modalities are acceptable but preferred: Ultra sound (breakdown and mobilize of scar tissue, reduce pain) Transverse friction massage (mobilize scar tissue) Doesnt heal properly (Same as a sprain only in the muscle/tendon) Is subjective to each individual Can be stimulated through relaxation ms Pain techniques, i Natural body substances that work like opioid drugs to reduce pain (endorphins etc.) Reduce pain through the closing "gate" of the neural signal 1-10 scale  CHAPTER 3 Ang Anatomical Terms Myocardium: The muscle of the heart Cholesterol - 1 Endocardium: The inner lining of the heart muscle Normal: below 200 Tricuspid valve: Right atrium valve Sugar Bicuspid valve: Left atrium valve Normal 90-125 Semilunar valves: Pulmonary and Aortic Ventricle valves J 3 pericardial membranes around the heart Fibrous: outer layer Parietal: middle layer Visceral/Epicardium: inner layer Papillary muscles: inside the ventricles and "chordae tendinae" made of fibrous connective tissue that prevents backflow of the blood No actual nerves in the heart Cardiac Fibers u n and Disks Transmits nerve impulses so that the whole heart contracts together Coronary circulation: Left and right arteries into the heart to supply and nourish the heart from the aorta Cardiac Cycle Systolic: Contraction Diastolic: Relaxation Auscultation (heart sounds) 2 S1: (Lub) first heart sound made from the AV valves closing B S2: (Dub) second heart sound made from the semilunar valves closing Pulse 9 S3: Filling of the Ventricles and closing of the valves Normal range: 60-100 CARDIAC OUTPUT - The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute CO=SV x HR 70 mL/beats x 70 bpm= 4,900 mL/min CO SV=amount pumped from one ventricle in 1 contraction BLOOD PRESSURE Pressure against peripheral walls Normal: 120/80 Blood vessels: Arteries and veins Tunica intima (inner), media (media), externa Capillaries: diffuses oxygen from arteries and carries CO2 back to the veins Valves for Lymph system is a easie PATHOLOGY OF THE HEART -re ce a Atrial Fibrillation: abdnormal contraction of the artial muscle Cyanosis: Low oxygen levels (80% O2) Dyspnea: difficulty breathing Edema: fluid buildup causing swelling Fatigue: weak cardiac conditions heart block: heart is interupted and skips a beat Intermittent claudication: Artery disease causing severe pain during movement -cause: insufficient blood supply -treatment: Buerger-Allen Exercise Symptoms of cardiac disease diagnostic tests performed for cardiac patients  PATHOLOGIES OF THE HEART PT.2 Not enough blood to keep the organ. running Hardening of the arterial walls of the brain/carotid Hardening of the arterial walls of the extremities Blood clot in the vein Procedure in which the heart arteries are not Blood vessels completely blocked Low oxygen saturation of the blood Bad growth of cell (cancer) Metabolic Equivalent (MET) 1 MET = 3.5 mL/kg/min