Cell Biology: Cell Differentiation and Maturation

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What percentage of cells are reticulocytes among all red blood cells?

About 10%

About 1% (correct)

About 20%

About 5%

What is the function of growth inducers?

To regulate the formation of reticulocytes

To cause differentiation of cells

To promote growth but not differentiation of cells (correct)

To control the formation of differentiation inducers

What is the term for the process by which reticulocytes pass from the bone marrow into the blood capillaries?

Phagocytosis

Diapedesis (correct)

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

What is the final stage of development for a red blood cell?

Erythrocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of differentiation inducers?

To cause differentiation of cells Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the growth, differentiation, and production of greatly increased numbers of RBCs?

Exposure to a low oxygen level Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the basophilic material in the reticulocyte?

It normally disappears within 1 to 2 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of factors outside the bone marrow?

To control the formation of growth inducers Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased blood viscosity on venous return to the heart?

It decreases the rate of venous return Signup and view all the answers

Why does the body partially compensate for anemia?

Increased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cardiac output in polycythemia?

It remains nearly normal Signup and view all the answers

Why does anemia lead to tissue hypoxia during exercise?

The heart cannot pump enough blood Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the arterial pressure in most people with polycythemia?

It is normal Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased blood viscosity have on peripheral resistance?

It increases peripheral resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the compensatory mechanisms in polycythemia?

Normal arterial pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the heart's inability to pump more blood during exercise in anemia?

Acute cardiac failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular weight of Hemoglobin A?

64,458 Signup and view all the answers

What type of chains are found in Hemoglobin A?

Two alpha chains and two beta chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of leukocytes in the body?

To provide a rapid and potent defense against infectious agents Signup and view all the answers

Where are granulocytes and monocytes formed?

Partially in the bone marrow and partially in the lymph tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of bond between oxygen and the iron atom in hemoglobin?

Coordination bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the form of oxygen that is carried to the tissues?

Molecular oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of platelets per microliter of blood?

150,000 - 450,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of neutrophils in the total WBCs?

62.0% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the heme moiety in hemoglobin?

To bind to oxygen in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of granulocytes and monocytes to 'seek out and destroy' a foreign invader?

Chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the loose bond between oxygen and the iron atom in hemoglobin?

It allows oxygen to be released in the peripheral tissue capillaries Signup and view all the answers

How many major lineages of WBCs are formed from the multipotential hematopoietic stem cell?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin in the body?

To carry oxygen from the lungs to the peripheral tissue capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stem cells that are committed to form specific types of WBCs?

Committed stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the oxygen combining with the iron atom in hemoglobin?

The oxygen becomes molecular oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of lymphocytes in the total WBCs?

30.0% Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical blood count of a person with polycythemia vera?

6 to 7 million/mm3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of polycythemia vera?

A genetic aberration in the hemocytoblastic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical hematocrit of a person with polycythemia vera?

60% to 70% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between polycythemia vera and physiological polycythemia?

The cause of the condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical appearance of a person with polycythemia vera?

Ruddy complexion with a bluish tint to the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of having polycythemia vera at high altitudes?

Ability to perform high levels of continuous work Signup and view all the answers

What is not a characteristic of polycythemia vera?

Vitamin B12 deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical altitude at which physiological polycythemia occurs?

14,000 to 17,000 feet Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

The nucleus of the erythrocyte condenses to a small size and is absorbed or extruded from the cell during the final stage of development.
The cell at this stage is called a reticulocyte, which still contains remnants of cytoplasmic organelles like the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and others.
Reticulocytes pass from the bone marrow into the blood capillaries by diapedesis, and normally disappear within 1-2 days, becoming mature erythrocytes.
Growth inducers promote growth but not differentiation of stem cells, which is the function of differentiation inducers.
Formation of growth inducers and differentiation inducers is controlled by factors outside the bone marrow.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is composed of a polypeptide portion (globin) and four heme chains, which bind together to form the hemoglobin molecule.
The most common form of hemoglobin in adults is hemoglobin A, consisting of two alpha chains and two beta chains.
Hemoglobin A has a molecular weight of 64,458.
Oxygen binds loosely with the iron atom in the heme moiety, forming molecular oxygen that is carried to the tissues.

Anemia and Polycythemia

In anemia, the cardiac output increases to partially offset the reduced oxygen-carrying effect, but during exercise, extreme tissue hypoxia results and acute cardiac failure may ensue.
In polycythemia, the blood volume is greatly increased, but the cardiac output is not far from normal due to increased blood viscosity.
Arterial pressure is usually normal in polycythemia, but may be elevated in about one-third of cases.
People with polycythemia vera have a ruddy complexion with a bluish tint to the skin.

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Leukocytes are the mobile units of the body's protective system, formed partially in the bone marrow and partially in the lymph tissue.
The six types of WBCs normally present in the blood are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.
The normal percentages of different types of WBCs are: neutrophils (62.0%), eosinophils (2.3%), basophils (0.4%), monocytes (5.3%), and lymphocytes (30.0%).
WBCs are specifically transported to areas of serious infection and inflammation, providing a rapid and potent defense against infectious agents.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Learn about the process of cell maturation, including the role of growth inducers and differentiation inducers, and the final stages of cell development.