Cell Biology - Cell Communication Quiz

Cells communicate by receiving signals.

Hydrophilic signaling molecules bind to receptors on the cell surface, since they can't pass the cell membrane.

Small molecules can diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell.

Particles move from high to low concentrations due to thermal energy.

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane along a concentration gradient.

A solution with an equal concentration of solutes compared to another solution, like inside a cell.

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, like in a cell.

The movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of a transport protein, still following a concentration gradient.

An atom or molecule with a net positive or negative charge due to gaining or losing electrons.

A positively charged ion.

A negatively charged ion.

A substance that dissolves in water to form ions that conduct electricity.

A compound that donates hydrogen ions (H+).

A compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+).

The proper ratio of ions in bodily fluids, essential for different body functions.

Electrolytes create electrical signals that allow nerves to communicate and muscles to contract.

An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.

A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.

The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic, 14 being the most alkaline, and 7 being neutral.

A salt is a compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base.

A simple test to determine if a substance is acidic or basic. Blue litmus paper turns red in an acid and red litmus paper turns blue in a base.

An acid that ionizes completely in solution, releasing almost all of its hydrogen ions.

An acid that ionizes only partially in solution, releasing a small amount of hydrogen ions.

The pH of human blood is tightly regulated within a narrow range, typically around 7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline.

The study of the body's structure, examining its parts and how they are organized.

The study of how the body's parts work together, focusing on their functions.

The study of body structures visible to the naked eye, like organs and tissues.

The study of body structures requiring a microscope, like cells and tissues.

The study of tissues, focusing on how different cells work together.

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function, like the digestive system.

All the chemical reactions that occur within the body, breaking down and building molecules.

The ability to sense and react to changes in the environment, like adjusting to cold temperatures.

An increase in size or number of cells in the body, like a child growing taller.

The specific arrangement of the body's parts, ensuring each has a role to play.

The process of change in an organism over time, from its initial stage to its mature form. This includes growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis.

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes more specialized, acquiring a specific structure and function. This is essential for the formation of tissues and organs.

The process of shaping and forming an organism's tissues and organs into their proper three-dimensional structure. It involves cell movement, growth, and death.

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism, despite external changes. This is crucial for survival and involves regulating variables like temperature, pH, and blood sugar.

The ideal normal value for a variable that is being regulated in the body. For example, the set point for body temperature is 98.6°F.

A mechanism that counteracts changes in a variable to maintain homeostasis. When a variable deviates from its set point, the response is to bring it back within the normal range.

A mechanism that amplifies changes in a variable, leading to a greater deviation from the starting point. Usually not beneficial for normal homeostasis but important in specific scenarios like childbirth.

A standardized reference position used to describe body structures. The body is standing erect, with feet together, palms facing forward, and head facing straight ahead.

Situated above or higher than another structure, closer to the head. Example: The head is superior to the chest.

Situated below or lower than another structure, closer to the tail. Example: The legs are inferior to the hips.

Blood is made up of two main components: plasma (the liquid part) and formed elements (cells and cell fragments).

Plasma plays a crucial role in transporting substances throughout the body, regulating pH and osmosis, and maintaining body temperature.

Formed elements are the cellular components of blood, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, are biconcave discs that lack a nucleus and contain hemoglobin. They are responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are involved in the body's immune defense. They come in different types: granulocytes and agranulocytes.

The process of blood cell production, starting from stem cells.

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into any type of blood cell, like a blank slate for blood.

Primarily responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs.

A protein inside red blood cells that binds to oxygen and transports it throughout the body. It also plays a role in carbon dioxide transport.

There are different types of hemoglobin: embryonic, fetal, and adult. Each has a different affinity for oxygen.

The process of red blood cell production, starting from stem cells and progressing through various stages.

Red blood cells live for approximately 120 days and are then recycled. The process involves various stages from stem cells to mature red blood cells.

The transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another.

A protein produced by the immune system that binds to specific antigens, leading to their inactivation or destruction.

The clumping together of red blood cells due to the reaction between antibodies and antigens.

A blood grouping system based on the presence or absence of two antigens (A and B) and their corresponding antibodies on red blood cells.

A condition where antibodies from a Rh negative mother attack the red blood cells of an Rh positive fetus during pregnancy or delivery.

Small, cell fragments that play a crucial role in hemostasis (stopping bleeding) by forming platelet plugs and promoting blood clotting.

DNA is the hereditary material that determines our traits. It's passed down from parents to children.

DNA is found within the nucleus of every cell.

Each cell contains about 3 billion bases of DNA, coiled up tightly.

Chromosomes are structures made of DNA that contain genes. Humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent

Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins, which perform various functions in the body.

DNA is made up of sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C).

DNA replication is the process of making an exact copy of DNA before cell division. This ensures each new cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions.

Transcription is the process of making a copy of DNA called RNA, which then carries the genetic information to the ribosomes for protein production.

There are 3 main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). They work together to translate genetic information into proteins.

Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotides, serving as the cell's information storage devices. They are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the primary genetic material, while RNA (ribonucleic acid) is involved in protein synthesis. DNA stores the genetic code, while RNA helps translate it into proteins.

DNA contains the genetic instructions for building and maintaining an organism. It directs the synthesis of proteins, which are the building blocks and workhorses of the body.

The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein.

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. It consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

These are the two groups of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Purines have a double-ring structure (adenine, guanine), while pyrimidines have a single-ring structure (cytosine, thymine, uracil).

RNA acts as an intermediary between DNA and proteins. It allows DNA to remain protected in the nucleus while RNA acts as a messenger, carrying information to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Multiple copies of RNA can be made from a single DNA template, amplifying gene information. This allows for efficient protein production without compromising the DNA.

The flow of genetic information can be controlled at each step from DNA to protein, enabling fine-tuning of gene expression. This allows cells to adapt to different environments.

The specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA determines the genetic code, which dictates the order of amino acids in proteins. This structure is crucial for accurate protein synthesis and ultimately for cell function.

A single layer of cells that appears to have multiple layers due to the varying heights of the cells and their nuclei placement. It's often found lining the respiratory tract and parts of the male reproductive system.

A type of connective tissue made up of fat cells (adipocytes) that store energy in the form of triglycerides. It also insulates the body and cushions organs.

A hard and rigid connective tissue made up of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate. It provides support and protection for the body, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

A type of cartilage that is smooth and glassy in appearance. It provides support while allowing flexibility, and is found in joints, respiratory passages, and the nose.

Specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit electrical signals throughout the body. They have long processes called axons and dendrites, and a cell body containing the nucleus.

A sheet of tightly packed cells covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, and forming glands. It acts as a barrier, filter, and secretory surface.

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. There are approximately 200 different types of cells in the human body.

A totipotent cell is a cell that has the potential to develop into any type of cell in the body. A fertilized egg is totipotent.

Epithelium composed of thin, flat cells. It's found in areas where diffusion or filtration is important, like lining blood vessels and alveoli.

Epithelium made up of cube-shaped cells. It's involved in secretion and absorption, found in glands and kidney tubules.

Germ layers are three basic layers of cells that form during embryonic development. These layers give rise to all the different tissues in the body.

Epithelium with tall, column-shaped cells. It's involved in absorption and secretion, found in the lining of the digestive tract.

The outer layer of the three germ layers. It forms the epidermis, nervous tissues, and some skeletal and connective tissues in the head.

Tissue that supports and connects other tissues and organs. It provides structure, protection, and insulation.

The middle layer of the three germ layers. It forms most muscles, skeletal tissues, the urogenital system, heart, and blood vessels.

A type of connective tissue that stores fat. It insulates the body, provides cushioning, and stores energy.

The inner layer of the three germ layers. It forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems and associated organs.

A type of connective tissue that forms the skeleton. It provides support, protection, and allows movement.

The four basic kinds of tissues in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Tissue composed of specialized cells capable of contraction. It allows movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.

Tissue composed of neurons and neuroglia. It transmits information throughout the body, controlling and coordinating functions.

A long chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. It is a primary component of proteins.

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. It is like the alphabet of the protein.

The local folding of the polypeptide chain into specific shapes, due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids. Common forms include alpha helices and beta sheets.

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule, resulting from interactions between R-groups of the amino acids. It determines the protein's function.

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) to form a functional protein. It is found in some proteins, but not all.

The unfolding of a protein's structure, disrupting its function. This can be caused by factors like heat, pH changes, or chemicals.

Weak bonds that form between partially positive and partially negative atoms, like between amino acids in a protein.

The variable side chains of amino acids, which give them their unique chemical properties. They contribute to protein structure and function.

Interactions between nonpolar amino acids that tend to cluster together, avoiding water. These interactions help drive protein folding.

The specific biological role a protein performs, which is determined by its three-dimensional shape.

Proteins are made from chains of amino acids, linked together like beads on a string. These chains are called polypeptides.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They have a central carbon atom connected to four groups: a carboxyl group (COOH), an amino group (NH2), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R).

Proteins are involved in many essential functions in cells, including speeding up chemical reactions (enzymes), fighting infections (defense), moving substances (transport), providing structural support (support), allowing movement (motion), and regulating processes (regulation).

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. It's a shorter version of a protein.

A peptide bond is a special chemical link that connects amino acids together in a polypeptide. It's formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next.

Polypeptides are short chains of amino acids, while proteins are longer, folded chains of amino acids. A single protein can be made of one or more polypeptide chains.

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in cells without being changed themselves. They have specific shapes that allow them to bind to specific molecules.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to specific foreign molecules (antigens) and help to destroy them.

The R-group is the unique part of an amino acid. It varies from one amino acid to the next and gives each amino acid its specific properties.

Alleles are different versions of the same gene. Each individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent.

A locus is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome. It's like a 'street address' for a gene.

Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that have the same gene sequences at the same locations. They come from the mother and father.

A karyotype is a complete set of chromosomes arranged in order of size and shape. It's like a photo of all the chromosomes in a cell.

The haploid number (n) is the number of distinct types of chromosomes in a cell. It's half the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell.

The two types of cell division are mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Meiosis is a type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes in a cell, producing gametes (sperm and egg) with only half the genetic material of the parent cell.

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. This creates new combinations of genes on each chromosome.

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis, where sister chromatids separate, resulting in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Haploid cells have only one set of chromosomes (n), like sperm and egg. Diploid cells have two sets (2n), like most cells in the body.

Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm and an egg cell, restoring the diploid number of chromosomes and creating a zygote, the first cell of a new individual.

Nondisjunction is an error in meiosis where chromosomes fail to separate properly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

Nondisjunction can lead to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Turner syndrome (XO) where individuals have an extra or missing chromosome.

Meiosis creates genetic diversity through crossing over, which shuffles genes on chromosomes, and independent assortment, which randomly separates chromosomes into gametes.

A genetic condition in females caused by the partial or complete absence of an X chromosome, resulting in a XO karyotype. It's characterized by short stature, lack of puberty, normal intelligence, and a higher risk of kidney and heart problems.

A genetic condition in males with an extra X chromosome, resulting in an XXY karyotype. It's characterized by underdeveloped sexual characteristics, sterility, possible breast development, language impairment, and may affect gender identity.

A genetic condition in females with an extra or multiple X chromosomes, resulting in XXX or XXXX karyotype. Most individuals with this condition have no obvious abnormalities, but some may experience early menopause, learning delays, or language impairment.

A genetic condition in males with an extra Y chromosome, resulting in an XYY karyotype. Individuals with this condition often have above-average height and may experience speech and reading difficulties.

An individual with the normal number of chromosomes for their species, with 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes in humans.

An individual with an abnormal number of chromosomes, including monosomy (loss of one chromosome) or trisomy (gain of an extraneous chromosome).

The presence of three copies of a particular chromosome, instead of the usual two.

A genetic disorder caused by trisomy 21, characterized by distinct physical features, learning difficulties, and a higher risk of health problems.

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half, creating gametes (sperm and egg cells) with only 23 chromosomes each.

The purpose of meiosis is to ensure that when an egg and sperm cell combine during fertilization, the resulting embryo will inherit the correct number of chromosomes and a unique combination of genetic information from each parent.

Nondisjunction is an error during meiosis where homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can lead to genetic disorders.

Haploid refers to cells that contain only one set of chromosomes. Gametes (sperm and egg cells) are haploid cells.

Diploid refers to cells that contain two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Most cells in our body are diploid.

Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces four daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell. Mitosis is for growth and repair, while meiosis is for sexual reproduction.