BCH1001 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Biochemistry & Cell Biology BCH1001 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Dr Patricia Johnson [email protected]  Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure Physiology: scientific investigation...

Biochemistry & Cell Biology BCH1001 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Dr Patricia Johnson [email protected]  Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things 1-2  Topics of Anatomy Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope Regional: studied area by area Systemic: studied system by system Surface: external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope Cytology: cellular anatomy Histology: study of tissues 1-3 Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy  Microscopic Anatomy Cardiac Muscle Histology Cardiac cell Nucleus Branched cell Intercalated discs Perinuclear cytoplasm Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things Considers operations of specific organ systems Cell physiology: examines processes in cells Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous system Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels Endocrine etc.., 1-6 Structural and Functional Organization of life Chemical Level: interaction of atoms Cell Level: structural and functional unit of living organisms Tissue Level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them Organ Level: one or more tissues functioning together Organ System Level: group of organs functioning together Organism Level: any 1-7 Organs of the Body 1-8  Characteristics of Life 1. Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions 2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body 3. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust 4. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells 5. Development: changes in an organism over time Differentiation: change from general to specific 1-9 Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues,  Homeostasis Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values. Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable. What is the set point for body temperature? 1-10 Feedback Systems Two types: negative and positive 1-11 Negative Feedback 1-12  Positive Feedback When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater  Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death  Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth  Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases 1-13  Terminology and Body Plan Anatomical Position  Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward Other Body Positions  Supine: lying face upward  Prone: lying face downward Directional Terms  Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) toward or away from the head  Medial vs. Lateral relative to the midline  Proximal vs. Distal used to describe linear 1-14 structures Terminology and Body Plan (cont.) Directional Terms (cont.) Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back. 1-15 Summary of Anatomical Points http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBAwx Z_yxnE Planes through the body 1-18