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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of xylem in vascular tissue?
What is the primary function of xylem in vascular tissue?
- Facilitates gas exchange in leaves
- Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves (correct)
- Reduces transpiration to conserve moisture
- Transports water and nutrients from leaves to roots
Which type of cells in xylem are elongated, tapering, and have oblique end walls?
Which type of cells in xylem are elongated, tapering, and have oblique end walls?
- Tracheids (correct)
- Companion cells
- Vessel elements
- Sieve tube elements
What type of tissue is parenchyma primarily associated with?
What type of tissue is parenchyma primarily associated with?
- Secretion
- Protection
- Transport
- Support and storage (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collenchyma tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collenchyma tissue?
What is the role of companion cells in phloem?
What is the role of companion cells in phloem?
Which type of vascular tissue primarily transports sucrose and organic compounds?
Which type of vascular tissue primarily transports sucrose and organic compounds?
What is the composition of vessel elements in xylem?
What is the composition of vessel elements in xylem?
Which structure in leaves is primarily involved in gas exchange?
Which structure in leaves is primarily involved in gas exchange?
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Which type of cell contains a cell wall?
Which type of cell contains a cell wall?
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the main component of the plant cell wall?
What is the main component of the plant cell wall?
Which of the following organelles is primarily involved in packaging and modifying proteins?
Which of the following organelles is primarily involved in packaging and modifying proteins?
What differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
What differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Which structure is key in cell division specifically in animal cells?
Which structure is key in cell division specifically in animal cells?
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
Which of the following correctly describes the genetic material of prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following correctly describes the genetic material of prokaryotic cells?
Which type of connective tissue is primarily composed of fat cells that store energy?
Which type of connective tissue is primarily composed of fat cells that store energy?
What is the primary function of neurosecretory cells?
What is the primary function of neurosecretory cells?
Which connective tissue type contains collagen fibers that are sparsely distributed?
Which connective tissue type contains collagen fibers that are sparsely distributed?
Where is reticular connective tissue primarily found?
Where is reticular connective tissue primarily found?
What type of connective tissue is primarily nonvascular and found in the upper airways?
What type of connective tissue is primarily nonvascular and found in the upper airways?
Which component of the nervous tissue is responsible for maintaining homeostatic control?
Which component of the nervous tissue is responsible for maintaining homeostatic control?
What is the primary characteristic of dense connective tissue?
What is the primary characteristic of dense connective tissue?
Which type of blood cell is primarily involved in the immune response?
Which type of blood cell is primarily involved in the immune response?
What is the primary function of the dermal tissue in plants?
What is the primary function of the dermal tissue in plants?
Which characteristic is true for sclerenchyma cells?
Which characteristic is true for sclerenchyma cells?
What is the role of root hairs in plants?
What is the role of root hairs in plants?
What is the function of the cuticle in plants?
What is the function of the cuticle in plants?
Which feature characterizes trichomes?
Which feature characterizes trichomes?
How do sclereids differ from fibers in plant tissues?
How do sclereids differ from fibers in plant tissues?
What does the term 'shoot system' refer to in plants?
What does the term 'shoot system' refer to in plants?
Which of the following best describes the role of water transport in plants?
Which of the following best describes the role of water transport in plants?
What is the primary role of epithelial tissue?
What is the primary role of epithelial tissue?
Which type of epithelial tissue consists of multiple layers of cells?
Which type of epithelial tissue consists of multiple layers of cells?
Which cells are most commonly associated with connective tissue and fibers?
Which cells are most commonly associated with connective tissue and fibers?
What unique function do plasma cells perform in connective tissue?
What unique function do plasma cells perform in connective tissue?
What is the main characteristic of adipocytes?
What is the main characteristic of adipocytes?
Which component is NOT part of the extracellular matrix?
Which component is NOT part of the extracellular matrix?
What role do alveolar macrophages play in the body?
What role do alveolar macrophages play in the body?
Which type of glandular epithelium is responsible for secreting substances?
Which type of glandular epithelium is responsible for secreting substances?
Which type of cell is classified as a leukocyte?
Which type of cell is classified as a leukocyte?
Which of the following is a characteristic of simple epithelial tissue?
Which of the following is a characteristic of simple epithelial tissue?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of cells, or products of cells.
- Cells arose from pre-existing cells.
Cell Organelles
- Nucleus - Contains DNA and controls cell activity
- Ribosomes - Synthesize protein
- Golgi Apparatus - Modifies proteins
- Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough ER synthesizes proteins, smooth ER synthesizes lipids
- Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP)
- Lysosomes - Breakdown cellular waste
- Vacuole - Stores water, nutrients, and waste
- Cytoskeleton - Provides structural support within the cell
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotes are cells without membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria)
- Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants and animals)
Plant Tissues
-
Dermal Tissues - Outer protective layer
- Epidermis: Controls gas exchange and water absorption
- Cuticle: Minimizes water loss
- Root Hairs: Increase surface area for water and mineral absorption
- Trichomes: Protects the plant from sunlight
-
Ground Tissues - Fill the inner part of the plant
- Parenchyma: Most abundant tissue; large vacuoles and thin walls
- Collenchyma: Flexible and strong cell walls, supports immature plant regions
- Sclerenchyma: Thick cell walls filled with lignin; supports mature plant regions
-
Vascular Tissues - Transport water and nutrients
- Xylem: Transports water & minerals from roots to leaves
- Tracheids: Elongated and tapered cells
- Vessel Elements: Long tubes of individual cells joined end to end
- Phloem: Transports sugars from roots to leaves
- Sieve Tube Elements: Long cells arranged in tubes with no nucleus
- Companion Cells: Provide metabolic support to sieve tubes
- Xylem: Transports water & minerals from roots to leaves
Animal Tissues
-
Connective Tissues - Support, connect, and separate tissues and organs
-
Loose: Cells, fibers, and ground substance are evenly distributed
- Fibroblasts: Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
- Mast Cells: Release histamine and other inflammatory mediators
- Plasma Cells: Produce antibodies
- Alveolar Macrophages: Phagocytic cells in air spaces
- Adipocytes: Store triglycerides (fat)
- Leukocytes: Immune cells (e.g., white blood cells)
-
Dense: Collagen fibers are packed together
-
Reticular: Found in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
-
Cartilage: Nonvascular, found in upper airways and external ears
- Chondrocytes: Primary cells within cartilage
- Lacunae: Chambers that house chondrocytes
-
Bone: Provides support and protection
-
Blood: Contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
-
Adipose: Stores energy in the form of triglycerides
-
-
Nervous Tissue: Relays information throughout the body
- Neurons: Contain a cell body, axon, and dendrites
- Neuroglia: Support cells for neurons
-
Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands
- Simple: One layer of cells
- Stratified: Two or more layers of cells
- Glandular: Secretes molecules
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