Biology Chapter: Cell Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of xylem in vascular tissue?

Facilitates gas exchange in leaves

Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves (correct)

Reduces transpiration to conserve moisture

Transports water and nutrients from leaves to roots

Which type of cells in xylem are elongated, tapering, and have oblique end walls?

Tracheids (correct)

Companion cells

Vessel elements

Sieve tube elements

What type of tissue is parenchyma primarily associated with?

Secretion

Protection

Transport

Support and storage (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collenchyma tissue?

Evenly thickened cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of companion cells in phloem?

Share cytoplasm with sieve cells for support Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vascular tissue primarily transports sucrose and organic compounds?

Phloem Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of vessel elements in xylem?

Long tubes made of individual cells, open at each end Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in leaves is primarily involved in gas exchange?

Stomata Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

Makes the cell rigid Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell contains a cell wall?

Bacterial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Produces proteins from RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the plant cell wall?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is primarily involved in packaging and modifying proteins?

Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is key in cell division specifically in animal cells?

Centrioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

Breakdown of carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the genetic material of prokaryotic cells?

Circular single-loop DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily composed of fat cells that store energy?

Adipose Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neurosecretory cells?

Produce chemical messengers Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue type contains collagen fibers that are sparsely distributed?

Loose Connective Tissue Signup and view all the answers

Where is reticular connective tissue primarily found?

In red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is primarily nonvascular and found in the upper airways?

Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous tissue is responsible for maintaining homeostatic control?

Neuroglia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of dense connective tissue?

Fewer cells and tightly packed collagen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell is primarily involved in the immune response?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dermal tissue in plants?

Cover and protect the plant while controlling gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for sclerenchyma cells?

They have thick cell walls filled with lignin and are mostly dead when mature Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of root hairs in plants?

They enhance the surface area for absorption of water and minerals Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cuticle in plants?

Minimize water loss and protect against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which feature characterizes trichomes?

They are hair-like projections produced by epidermal cells Signup and view all the answers

How do sclereids differ from fibers in plant tissues?

Sclereids are shorter and contribute to the hardness of seed coats Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'shoot system' refer to in plants?

The part of the plant located above the ground Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of water transport in plants?

It is crucial for photosynthesis and plant rigidity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of epithelial tissue?

Facilitate secretion, absorption, and filtration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue consists of multiple layers of cells?

Stratified epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are most commonly associated with connective tissue and fibers?

Fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

What unique function do plasma cells perform in connective tissue?

Produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of adipocytes?

Specialize in storing neutral fats Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the extracellular matrix?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do alveolar macrophages play in the body?

Engulf and digest foreign particles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glandular epithelium is responsible for secreting substances?

Glandular epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is classified as a leukocyte?

White blood cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of simple epithelial tissue?

Usually has specialized functions like filtration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Theory

All living organisms are composed of cells, or products of cells.
Cells arose from pre-existing cells.

Cell Organelles

Nucleus - Contains DNA and controls cell activity
Ribosomes - Synthesize protein
Golgi Apparatus - Modifies proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough ER synthesizes proteins, smooth ER synthesizes lipids
Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP)
Lysosomes - Breakdown cellular waste
Vacuole - Stores water, nutrients, and waste
Cytoskeleton - Provides structural support within the cell

Types of Cells

Prokaryotes are cells without membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria)
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants and animals)

Plant Tissues

Dermal Tissues - Outer protective layer
- Epidermis: Controls gas exchange and water absorption
- Cuticle: Minimizes water loss
- Root Hairs: Increase surface area for water and mineral absorption
- Trichomes: Protects the plant from sunlight
Ground Tissues - Fill the inner part of the plant
- Parenchyma: Most abundant tissue; large vacuoles and thin walls
- Collenchyma: Flexible and strong cell walls, supports immature plant regions
- Sclerenchyma: Thick cell walls filled with lignin; supports mature plant regions
Vascular Tissues - Transport water and nutrients
- Xylem: Transports water & minerals from roots to leaves
  - Tracheids: Elongated and tapered cells
  - Vessel Elements: Long tubes of individual cells joined end to end
- Phloem: Transports sugars from roots to leaves
  - Sieve Tube Elements: Long cells arranged in tubes with no nucleus
  - Companion Cells: Provide metabolic support to sieve tubes

Animal Tissues

Connective Tissues - Support, connect, and separate tissues and organs
- Loose: Cells, fibers, and ground substance are evenly distributed
  - Fibroblasts: Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
  - Mast Cells: Release histamine and other inflammatory mediators
  - Plasma Cells: Produce antibodies
  - Alveolar Macrophages: Phagocytic cells in air spaces
  - Adipocytes: Store triglycerides (fat)
  - Leukocytes: Immune cells (e.g., white blood cells)
- Dense: Collagen fibers are packed together
- Reticular: Found in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
- Cartilage: Nonvascular, found in upper airways and external ears
  - Chondrocytes: Primary cells within cartilage
  - Lacunae: Chambers that house chondrocytes
- Bone: Provides support and protection
- Blood: Contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
- Adipose: Stores energy in the form of triglycerides
Nervous Tissue: Relays information throughout the body
- Neurons: Contain a cell body, axon, and dendrites
- Neuroglia: Support cells for neurons
Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands
- Simple: One layer of cells
- Stratified: Two or more layers of cells
- Glandular: Secretes molecules

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of cell theory, organelles, and types of cells in this quiz. Test your knowledge on key components like the nucleus, mitochondria, and plant tissues. Perfect for biology students looking to strengthen their understanding of cellular biology.