Cell and Cell Organelles Presentation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of microtubules in the cell?

  • Intracellular movement of organelles (correct)
  • Strengthening the cell surface
  • Formation of the nuclear envelope
  • Intercellular communication

    • Which type of cytoskeletal structure is primarily responsible for resisting pulling forces on the cell?

  • Plasma membrane
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments (correct)
  • Microtubules

    • What distinguishes cilia from flagella?

  • Cilia are present in all eukaryotic cells, while flagella are only in prokaryotic cells.
  • Cilia are longer and fewer, while flagella are shorter and more numerous.
  • Cilia are shorter and more numerous, while flagella are longer and fewer. (correct)
  • Cilia move in a single direction, while flagella exhibit random movement.

    • Which of the following correctly describes microvilli?

    <p>Tubular extensions of the plasma membrane containing actin filaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cytosol and cytoplasm is correct?

    <p>Cytoplasm encompasses all the contents within the plasma membrane except the cytosol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the cell membrane is made up of carbohydrates?

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins extend through the entire thickness of the cell membrane?

    <p>Integral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell membrane's ion channels?

    <p>Allow passage of ions like Na+, K+, and Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of ribosomal RNA synthesis in the nucleus?

    <p>Ribosome production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lipoproteins and glycoproteins represent in the cell membrane?

    <p>Structural proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure inside the nucleus is primarily involved in storing DNA?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cell membrane contribute to cellular communication?

    <p>By detecting chemical messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of the nucleus is essential for the control of cell function?

    <p>Chromosomal structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural and functional unit of life?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the plasma membrane?

    <p>It is a thin, elastic, and semipermeable barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature of phospholipids allows them to form a bilayer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>They have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the membrane proteins in the plasma membrane?

    <p>They assist in transporting substances across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is homeostasis important for the human body?

    <p>It ensures that the body can adapt to environmental changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the hydrophilic portion of phospholipids?

    <p>It is charged and soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Fluid Mosaic Model describe about the plasma membrane?

    <p>It is a flexible arrangement of proteins and lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mitochondria in the cell?

    <p>Produces high-energy compound ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of ribosomes within the cell?

    <p>Made up of two sub-units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for detoxifying drugs and synthesizing lipids?

    <p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural components make up the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Microfilaments and microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lysosomes function within a cell?

    <p>Digest food particles using enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell and Cell Organelles

    • The presentation is about cells and cell organelles.
    • The presenter is Dr. Rasha Eldeeb, Associate Professor of Physiology, Gulf Medical University.
    • The date of the presentation is September 3, 2024.
    • Learning objectives include describing the general characteristics of cells, the structure of a typical cell, the structure of the plasma membrane (Fluid Mosaic Model), the function of membrane proteins, and the structure and function of different cell organelles.

    What is Physiology?

    • Physiology is the branch of biology that studies the functions and vital processes of living organisms.
    • It explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for life's origin, development, and progression.
    • Physiology includes subjects like cell biology, molecular chemistry, and biology.
    • It also relates to factors like organs, populations/species, and ecosystems.

    Why Do We Study Physiology?

    • Physiology is studied to understand the physiologic principles of normal function in order to treat impairments.
    • Physiology helps distinguish between the process and function of biological components.
    • The function of components is determined by analyzing how components should work.
    • Processes are about determining how something is done or works (e.g. respiration, blood flow, oxygen transport).

    What You Should Know

    • The human body is organized from cells to organs as integrated units.
    • The human body needs a constant internal environment to function properly.
    • Physiology deals with the mechanisms that maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. This is known as homeostasis.
    • Diagrams of atomic structures and cellular levels were shown.

    The Cell

    • Divided into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
    • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

    The Cell Membrane

    • The cell membrane is a thin, semipermeable barrier between the cell and its surroundings.
    • It consists of a lipid bilayer.
    • Phospholipids form the base of the bilayer with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
    • Cholesterol is also present in the membrane.
    • The hydrophilic heads face the water-based environment, while the hydrophobic tails face each other to create a hydrophobic interior to the membrane.

    The Cell Membrane - Proteins

    • Proteins (55%) are not a continuous layer like lipids, but instead exist as discrete units.
    • Integral proteins extend through the whole membrane.
    • Peripheral proteins are on a surface of the membrane, either inside or outside the cell.
    • Functional proteins have different purposes such as receptors, channels, pumps, etc.

    The Cell Membrane - Functions

    • Regulating the passage of substances into and out of cells.
    • Detecting chemical messengers at the cell surface.
    • Linking adjacent cells via membrane junctions.
    • Anchoring proteins (intracellular/extracellular) for force generation.

    The Nucleus

    • Usually the largest organelle, surrounded by a nuclear membrane with pores.
    • Contains the cell's DNA in chromosomes.
    • Controls cell function.
    • The genes control cell characteristics.

    What is inside the Nucleus?

    • The genetic material (DNA) is found, organized as chromatin in non-dividing cells, and chromosomes in dividing cells.
    • Chromatin is formed by DNA wrapped around proteins.
    • Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus; responsible for ribosomal RNA synthesis.

    The Mitochondria

    • The size of a bacterium.
    • Has a double membrane (smooth outer, inner with cristae).
    • Contains DNA, mDNA, RNA, and ribosomes.
    • Produces ATP (high-energy compound).
    • The power-house of the cell

    The Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • A complex network of transport channels.
    • Two types:
    • Smooth (no ribosomes): detoxifies and produces lipids.
    • Rough (with ribosomes): manufactures proteins.

    The Ribosomes

    • Consist of two subunits.
    • The site of protein synthesis ("protein factory").
    • Can be free-floating or attached to the ER.

    The Golgi Apparatus

    • Flattened sacs that modify, package, store, and transport materials out of the cell.
    • Works with ribosomes and ER.

    The Lysosome

    • Membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes.
    • Digests food particles inside or outside the cell.
    • Also called "suicide bags".

    The Cytoskeleton

    • The framework of the cell.
    • Consists of three main components: microfilament, intermediate filament, and microtubules.
    • They help maintain cell shape, support organelles, and regulate cell movement.

    The Cytoskeleton – Microfilaments

    • Attached to the cytoplasmic membrane for strength and to resist cell deformation.
    • Tough proteins.

    The Cytoskeleton – Microtubules

    • Hollow tubes.
    • Present in all cells (but not RBCs).
    • Important in moving materials around the cells.
    • Forms cilia and flagella.

    The Cellular Extensions

    • Extensions of the plasma membrane, such as:
    • microvilli
    • stereocilia
    • cilia
    • flagella

    Cytosol vs Cytoplasm

    • Cytosol: liquid portion of cytoplasm.
    • Cytoplasm: all contents of the cell excluding the nucleus.

    Learning Resources

    • A list of suggested textbooks and websites to consult for further learning.

    Disclaimer

    • The presentation content is for educational use only within Gulf Medical University.

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    Cell and Cell Organelles PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of cells and their organelles with Dr. Rasha Eldeeb. This quiz covers key characteristics, structures, and functions of various cell components and the plasma membrane. Join us to enhance your understanding of physiology and cellular biology.

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