CE225 Construction Materials: NSCP Module 1
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What are the main properties of concrete in the hardened state?

  • Workability and cohesiveness
  • Compaction and finishing
  • Strength and durabilty (correct)
  • Curing and handling

    • What is the primary purpose of air entraining admixtures in concrete?

  • Reduce the heat of hydration
  • Increase workability
  • Improve resistance to freeze/thaw cycles (correct)
  • Lower costs

    • What is the recommended method for testing the workability of concrete?

    Slump test

    Curing usually lasts for 7, 14, 21, _ days.

    <p>28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concrete states with their descriptions:

    <p>Plastic State = Soft and moldable, like dough Setting State = Stiffening of concrete after compaction Hardening State = Concrete gains strength and durability after setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are manufactured boards primarily made of?

    <p>Wood layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wood is anisotropic material.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics?

    <p>Viscoelasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wood is _____ material, meaning it has an affinity for water molecules.

    <p>hygroscopic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of wood with its typical usage:

    <p>Hardwood = Expensive furniture and strong framed structures Softwood = Construction of houses and furniture Manufactured Board = Mainly used for kitchen and bedroom furniture and shelving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Compression Test in concrete testing?

    <p>To show the best possible strength concrete can reach in perfect conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to make sure a concrete mix is workable?

    <p>Slump Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plastic Shrinkage Cracks are more common in winter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ cracks appear in lines, roughly usually 300-600mm long.

    <p>Plastic Shrinkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the defect with its description:

    <p>Color Variation = Difference in color across the surface of concrete Crazing = A network of fine cracks across the surface of concrete Dusting = A fine powder on the concrete surface which comes off on your fingers Spalling = When the slab edges and joints chip or break leaving an elongated cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ACI 318 provide minimum requirements for?

    <p>Design and construction of structural concrete members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does AISC 360 serve as a reference for in the US?

    <p>Design of steel building structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Concrete aggregates should be chemically active to enhance concrete strength.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is an international standards organization that develops technical standards for a wide range of materials.

    <p>ASTM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of aggregates with their descriptions:

    <p>Coarse Aggregates = Particles greater than 1/4 inches, comprising 40%-45% of the mixture Fine Aggregates = Particles smaller than 3/8 inches, generally accounting for 30% - 35% of the mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polymer?

    <p>A long-chain molecule made up of a repeated pattern of monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is typically used for wet areas or countertops due to its waterproof nature?

    <p>Granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geosynthetics are typically made from materials that biologically decompose over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the geosynthetic material with its type:

    <p>Polypropylene (PP) = Geotextiles, Geomembranes, Geogrids, Geocomposites Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) = Geomembranes, Geopipe, Geocomposites Polyester (Poleyethylene Terephthalate) (PET) = Geotextiles, Geogrids Polyamide 6.6 (PA) (Nylon 6/6) = Geotextiles, Geogrids, Geocomposites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 main components of Concrete Hollow Blocks?

    <p>Concrete Hollow Blocks, Mortar, Rebar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical application of Geotextiles?

    <p>Controlling fluid or gas migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reinforced concrete is designed on the principle that only steel acts in resisting force.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic forms of reinforcing steel mentioned?

    <p>Woven and Nonwoven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reinforcing Steel must be strong in tension, and at the same time, be ductile enough to be shaped or bent ________.

    <p>cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following: Rebar Sizes with their Standard Sizes

    <p>10mm = 6.0 meters 12mm = 7.5 meters 16mm = 9.0 meters 20mm = 10.5 meters 25mm = 12.0 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hot-rolling primarily concerned with?

    <p>manipulating material shape and geometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cold Rolled Steel Section is manufactured below its recrystallization temperature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is characterized by stress returning to zero when the load is removed?

    <p>Linear Elastic Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following the Ultimate Strength, the stress appears to decrease with increasing ___

    <p>strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum clear cover requirements for concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth?

    <p>75mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of splice for smaller diameter reinforcing bars?

    <p>Lap Splice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steel has low maintenance costs because it is not susceptible to corrosion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ requires precision cutting and bending into shapes of exact specification.

    <p>Bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following advantages/disadvantages of steel with their descriptions:

    <p>Uniformity - Properties of Steel = Do not change appreciably with time Elasticity - Steel = Behaves closer to design assumptions Ductility - Property of a material = Can withstand extensive deformation without failure under high stresses Maintenance Cost - Steel structures = Susceptible to corrosion when exposed to air, water, and humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Construction Materials

    • National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) is the local counterpart of ACI 318 and the governing code in the Philippines.
    • It provides minimum requirements for the design and construction of structural concrete members.

    Codes and Standards

    • Design codes:
      • ACI (American Concrete Institute)
      • AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction)
      • NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines)
    • Qualification codes:
      • ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
      • AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)
      • PNS (Philippine National Standards)
    • Approval codes:
      • ICC ES (International Code Council Evaluation Service)
      • CMT (Construction Material Testing Laboratories)

    Design

    • ACI 318 provides minimum requirements for the design and construction of structural concrete members.
    • AISC 360 is an authoritative reference for steel building structure design in the US.

    Approval

    • ICC ES is a non-profit, limited liability company that does technical evaluations of building products.
    • CMT Laboratories are assessed against the general criteria found in ISO/IEX 17025:2005.

    Aggregates

    • Two basic types:
      • Coarse Aggregates (crushed rock, gravel, or screenings)
      • Fine Aggregates (natural sand or crushed stone)
    • Requirements for aggregates:
      • Strong and hard
      • Durable
      • Chemically inactive
      • Clean
      • Graded
    • Aggregates should be stored in a clean, dry, and separated area.

    Concrete Materials

    • Cement:
      • Portland cements are hydraulic cements
      • Contains clay, cement rock, and iron ore
      • Gypsum is added to control setting time
    • Aggregates:
      • Coarse Aggregates (gravel)
      • Fine Aggregates (sand)
    • Water:
      • Should be clean, fresh, and free from dirt and chemicals
      • Should not be seawater
    • Admixtures:
      • Chemical admixtures (air-entertaining, set-accelerating, set-retarding, water-reducing)
      • Mineral admixtures (fly ash, hydrated lime, silica fume, ground blast furnace slag)

    Concrete Properties

    • The four main properties of concrete are:
      • Workability
      • Cohesiveness
      • Strength
      • Durability
    • Concrete has three different states:
      • Plastic
      • Setting
      • Hardening
    • Concrete properties are affected by:
      • Water-cement ratio
      • Aggregate grading
      • Compaction
      • Curing

    Concrete States

    • Plastic state:
      • Concrete is soft and can be worked or molded
      • Properties: workability and cohesiveness
    • Setting state:
      • Concrete begins to stiffen
      • Properties: strength and durability
    • Hardening state:
      • Concrete gains strength and durability
      • Properties: strength and durability### Concrete Properties
    • Concrete strength and durability are influenced by temperature and moisture levels during the curing process.
    • Proper curing allows concrete to reach maximum strength and durability.
    • Curing typically lasts for 7, 14, 21, or 28 days.

    Workability

    • Workability refers to how easy it is to place, handle, compact, and finish concrete.
    • Factors affecting workability:
      • Amount of cement paste
      • Water content
      • Type of cement
      • Aggregate grading
    • Slump test measures workability.

    Water to Cement Ratio (W/C)

    • W/C ratio is the weight of water divided by the weight of cement.
    • Lower W/C ratio results in stronger concrete.
    • Formula: W/C = weight of water / weight of cement

    Cohesiveness

    • Cohesiveness refers to how well concrete holds together when plastic.
    • Factors affecting cohesiveness:
      • Aggregate grading
    • Well-graded aggregates give a cohesive mix.

    Concrete Testing

    • Two main tests:
      • Slump test: measures workability
      • Compression test: measures compressive strength
    • Sampling: take a representative sample from the large batch of concrete.

    Defects in Concrete

    • Color variation: uneven color distribution
    • Crazing: network of fine cracks on the surface
    • Dusting: fine powder on the surface
    • Rain damage: surface washing away or small dents
    • Spalling: chipped edges and joints
    • Honeycombing: coarse aggregate exposure
    • Blistering: hollow bumps on the surface
    • Cracking: random cracks in concrete

    Cracking in Concrete

    • Causes:
      • Edges of joints breaking due to heavy loads
      • Entry of hard objects into joints
      • Poor compaction at joints
      • Mineral salts in water
      • Excess bleeding
    • Types of cracks:
      • Pre-setting cracks: occur before hardening
      • Hardened cracks: occur after hardening
      • Plastic shrinkage cracks: occur on hot days
      • Formwork movement cracks: occur due to weak formwork
      • Thermal shock cracks: occur due to sudden temperature change### Fiber Saturation Point
    • The weight at which the cell cavities are empty, but the cell walls are full of water.
    • Approximately 28% moisture content.

    Performance Properties

    • Wood performance is dependent on a range of characteristics, including:
      • Strength
      • Stiffness
      • Finish retention
      • Treatability with preservatives
      • Resistace to:
        • Shrinkage/swelling
        • Checking
        • Color changes
        • Warping
        • Photodegradation
        • Insect attack

    Hazards

    • Exposure to:
      • Light
      • Moisture and heat cycles
      • Changes in moisture content
      • Attack by insects and decay fungi
    • Sunlight causes surface erosion or photodegradation, leading to disintegration of the wood cell wall.
    • Cyclical pressure from weathering elements leads to degradation, including checking and splitting of wood.

    Wood Density and Specific Gravity

    • Wood density = oven-dry mass of wood / volume of wood
    • Specific gravity = oven-dry mass of wood / volume of water

    Types of Warping

    • Bow
    • Crook
    • Cup
    • Twist

    Defects and Deterioration

    • Defects refer to any irregularity or deviation from the qualities that make wood suitable for a particular purpose.
    • Deterioration refers to the loss of the ability of a wood product to serve its intended purpose in appearance, strength, or other functions.
    • Causes of wood deterioration:
      • Insects
      • Decay fungi
      • Molds and mildews
      • Surface erosion (photodegradation)
      • Checking, splitting, and warping
      • Shrinkage and swelling

    Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites

    • Polymers: natural or synthetic substances composed of macromolecules with repeated monomers.
    • Ceramics: made by taking mixtures of clay, earthen elements, powders, and water and shaping them into desired forms.
    • Composites: examples include concrete, reinforced plastics, cement, steel-reinforced concrete, and composite wooden beams.

    Construction Finishes

    • Polymers:
      • Natural polymers: include such minerals as diamond, quartz, and feldspar.
      • Synthetic polymers: include concrete, glass, paper, plastics, and rubbers.
    • Ceramics:
      • Examples include tile, bricks, glass, and toilets.
    • Composites:
      • Examples include concrete, reinforced plastics, cement, steel-reinforced concrete, and composite wooden beams.

    Tile Works

    • 6 main types of tiles:
      • Ceramic
      • Porcelain
      • Glass
      • Marble
      • Granite
      • Natural Stone

    Windows, Doors, and Ceilings

    • Types of windows:
      • Based on speed and accessibility: freeways, expressways, highways, and roads.
      • Based on construction materials: earthen roads, gravel roads, cement concrete roads, and bituminous roads.
    • Types of doors:
      • Not specified in the text.
    • Types of ceilings:
      • Not specified in the text.

    Road Works

    • Classifications:
      • Based on speed and accessibility: freeways, expressways, highways, and roads.
      • Based on construction materials: earthen roads, gravel roads, cement concrete roads, and bituminous roads.
    • Low-cost roads:
      • Ordinary earthen roads: one or more compacted layers of natural soil.
      • Stabilized earthen roads: stabilized with physical, chemical, or biological agents to increase strength and durability.

    Geosynthetics

    • Man-made materials used to improve soil conditions.
    • Types of geosynthetics:
      • Geotextiles
      • Geomembranes
      • Geogrids
      • Geopipe
      • Geonets
      • Geocomposites
    • Properties:
      • Tensile properties
      • Geosynthetic-fill interaction properties
      • Hydraulic- or floric-related properties
      • Durability

    Geofoam

    • A lightweight, geo-synthetic fill material used as an alternative to various fill-materials, as a soil stabilizer, and in various engineered applications.

    Module 7: Geosynthetics

    • Types of geosynthetics:
      • Geotextiles
      • Geomembranes
      • Geogrids
      • Geopipe
      • Geonets
      • Geocomposites
    • Properties:
      • Tensile properties
      • Geosynthetic-fill interaction properties
      • Hydraulic- or floric-related properties
      • Durability

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of construction materials, specifically focusing on the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) and its similarities with ACI 318. It's a part of the CE225 course, Module 1.

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