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Questions and Answers
Which condition is NOT a cause of abdominal pain?
What can cause nausea and vomiting?
Which of the following is a potential cause of constipation?
Which condition is a common cause of diarrhea?
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What is a structural cause of dysphagia?
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Which of the following medications can potentially cause dysphagia?
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What is a main treatment for gastritis?
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Which symptom is characteristic of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
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What is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?
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What symptom is typically associated with duodenal ulcers?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for developing peptic ulcer disease?
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What is a common symptom of gastroenteritis?
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Which type of diarrhea is characterized by bloody stools and usually small volume?
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Which condition can result from the rapid emptying of the stomach after surgery?
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What is the most common cause of diarrhea worldwide according to epidemiological data?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical complication of peptic ulcer disease?
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What characterizes inflammatory diarrhea?
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Which complication is associated with Crohn's disease?
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Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of ulcerative colitis?
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What is a common risk factor for diverticulosis?
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Which statement about irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is accurate?
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Which of the following does NOT typically characterize diverticulitis?
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What is the primary cause of increased risk for colorectal cancer?
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What is the primary clinical manifestation of colorectal carcinoma?
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Which statement about cholelithiasis is true?
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Study Notes
Abdominal Pain, Nausea/Vomiting, Constipation, and Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain can arise from conditions such as gastric and duodenal ulcers, diverticulitis, acute and chronic pancreatitis, cholecystitis, gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
- Nausea and vomiting are frequently linked to gastric and duodenal ulcers, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, gastroenteritis, migraines, motion sickness, food poisoning, pregnancy, and certain medications.
- Constipation may result from dehydration, insufficient dietary fiber, certain medications, pregnancy, thyroid disorders, and diverticular disease.
- Diarrhea is commonly caused by gastroenteritis, food poisoning, medication side effects, IBD, IBS, lactose intolerance, and malabsorption syndromes.
Dysphagia
- Dysphagia stems from structural abnormalities like esophageal strictures, tumors, or diverticula.
- Neuromuscular disorders contributing to dysphagia include stroke, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
- Inflammatory disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eosinophilic esophagitis can lead to swallowing difficulties.
- Psychological factors, such as anxiety and depression, also contribute to dysphagia.
Causes of Gastritis
- Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol abuse, autoimmune disorders, and stress.
- Symptoms of gastritis can include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Characterized by lesions in the mucosa of the stomach (gastric ulcers) and duodenum (duodenal ulcers), peptic ulcer disease stems from H. pylori infection and NSAID use.
- Risk factor for peptic ulcers includes smoking.
- Severe complications can involve bleeding and perforation.
- Symptomatology differs between gastric and duodenal ulcers, with duodenal ulcers resulting in epigastric pain post-meal that is alleviated by eating or antacids.
Dumping Syndrome
- Occurs after partial stomach removal surgery where food empties too quickly into the small intestine, leading to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and weakness.
Gastroenteritis
- Inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) results in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.
Diarrhea
- Defined as three or more loose or liquid stools within 24 hours, diarrhea is a top five cause of death globally.
- Most cases are infectious and self-limiting, typically resolving within a week.
- Risk factors include consumption of undercooked food, antibiotic use, and occupational exposure to infectious outbreaks.
- Diarrhea can be classified as inflammatory or non-inflammatory, with further distinction as secretory (persists during fasting) or osmotic (ceases during fasting).
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- Consists of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, with potential etiologies linked to immune response and enteric flora.
- Crohn's disease can affect any part of the GI tract, causing transmural inflammation and complications like strictures and fistulas.
- Ulcerative colitis is restricted to the colonic mucosa, often presenting with rectal bleeding, urgency, and systemic symptoms in severe cases.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- A functional bowel disorder affecting around 11% of the global population, IBS presents with recurrent abdominal pain related to defecation, changes in stool frequency and form.
- IBS can manifest as diarrhea-predominant (IBS-D), constipation-predominant (IBS-C), or alternating patterns.
Diverticular Disease
- Diverticulosis is characterized by the presence of diverticula in the colon, primarily affecting the sigmoid colon, often asymptomatic.
- Diverticulitis occurs when diverticula become inflamed, presenting with LLQ pain, constipation, diarrhea, and possible fever.
- Complications of diverticulitis include abscess formation, fistula, colonic obstruction, and perforation.
Colorectal Carcinoma (CRC)
- CRC ranks as the third most common cancer and the second deadliest in men and women.
- Risk factors include age over 50, family history, high-fat and low-fiber diets, smoking, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
- Symptoms can often be non-specific, including changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
Cholelithiasis and Acute Cholecystitis
- Cholelithiasis refers to the formation of gallstones due to imbalances in cholesterol and bile components.
- Risk factors for gallstones include obesity and age.
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