17 Questions
What is a tumor marker?
A tumor marker is a usually normal protein or hormone that is increased in neoplasms but can also be elevated in non-neoplastic conditions.
How are tumor markers used in cancer diagnosis and management?
Tumor markers can be used for screening, monitoring treatment efficacy, and detecting recurrence.
What is the relationship between stress, the immune system, and cancer?
Cancer cells can make proteins that tell the immune system to let them alone and even help them grow.
How does the Hepatitis B, C virus contribute to cancer development?
The viruses add new DNA to the nucleus of host cells, resulting in mutations of genes that can lead to cancer.
What role does hereditary predisposition play in cancer susceptibility?
Some families are more susceptible to getting certain cancers due to hereditary predisposition.
What does the TNM system stand for in cancer staging?
Tumor, Node, Metastasis
Explain the difference between grading and staging of cancer.
Grading is based on cell differentiation and rate of growth, while staging is based on the progression or spread of cancer in the body.
What are some examples of carcinogens that can cause cancer?
Ionizing radiation, chemicals like Benzene and Arsenic, and virus infections like papilloma virus.
How are cancer stages classified according to the TNM system?
T1, T2, T3, T4 for primary tumor size; N0, N1, N2, N3 for regional lymph node involvement; M0 and M1 for absence or presence of metastasis.
Explain the significance of the prescience of absence of metastasis in cancer staging.
The absence of metastasis is crucial as it can determine whether the cancer is localized (Stage I) or advanced (Stage IV) with spread to other organs.
What is the role of tumor markers in cancer diagnosis and monitoring?
Tumor markers are substances produced by cancer cells or normal cells in response to cancer. They can be used for diagnosis, monitoring treatment response, and detecting recurrence.
What is the term for cells that are significantly abnormal but not cancer, and show the entire thickness of the epithelium replaced by atypical dysplastic cells with an intact basement membrane?
Carcinoma in situ
What term refers to the extent to which tumor cells resemble comparable normal cells and their functional maturity?
Differentiation
What is the variation in size and shape of tumor cells, where some cells are many times larger or smaller than normal cells?
Pleomorphism
Which characteristic of malignant neoplasms refers to cellular and nuclear abnormalities, abundant mitosis, and hyperchromatism?
Anaplasia
What term describes the loss of normal orientation in tumor cells, leading to haphazard growth patterns and invasion towards the basement membrane?
Loss of orientation
Which characteristic of malignant tumors involves growing more rapidly than benign tumors?
Rate of growth
Test your knowledge on the causes of cancer, including genetic predisposition and the impact of hepatitis B and C viruses. Explore the connection between stress, immune system, and cancer development through this quiz.
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