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Questions and Answers
What is the most common type of lung cancer?
What is the most common type of lung cancer?
Which gene mutation is most commonly associated with lung cancer progression?
Which gene mutation is most commonly associated with lung cancer progression?
Which type of lung cancer is known for its aggressive nature and early metastasis?
Which type of lung cancer is known for its aggressive nature and early metastasis?
What is the primary cause of lung cancer?
What is the primary cause of lung cancer?
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What characterizes Squamous Cell Carcinoma in lung cancer?
What characterizes Squamous Cell Carcinoma in lung cancer?
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Which of the following factors increases the risk of developing lung cancer?
Which of the following factors increases the risk of developing lung cancer?
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What leads to the immortalization of cancer cells in lung cancer?
What leads to the immortalization of cancer cells in lung cancer?
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Which of the following is NOT a genetic mutation typically associated with lung cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a genetic mutation typically associated with lung cancer?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer?
Which of the following conditions is associated with paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer?
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What is the primary risk factor for lung cancer?
What is the primary risk factor for lung cancer?
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Which subtype of lung cancer is characterized by early metastasis?
Which subtype of lung cancer is characterized by early metastasis?
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Which of the following is NOT a non-modifiable risk factor for lung cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a non-modifiable risk factor for lung cancer?
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What is the nature of lung cancer in terms of transmission?
What is the nature of lung cancer in terms of transmission?
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Which environmental factor is a modifiable risk factor for lung cancer?
Which environmental factor is a modifiable risk factor for lung cancer?
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Which of the following gene mutations is linked to the development of lung cancer?
Which of the following gene mutations is linked to the development of lung cancer?
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Which of the following factors increases susceptibility to lung cancer but is NOT transmissible?
Which of the following factors increases susceptibility to lung cancer but is NOT transmissible?
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Study Notes
Lung Cancer
- Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers globally, categorized into Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC).
- NSCLC accounts for about 85% of cases, with Adenocarcinoma (35-40%), Squamous cell carcinoma (30%), and Large-cell carcinoma (10%) as subtypes.
- SCLC accounts for about 15% of cases, is more aggressive, and responsible for 25% of lung cancer deaths due to early metastasis.
Most Likely Cause
- Smoking is the major cause, containing numerous carcinogens that modify genes, like the p53 tumor suppressor gene.
- Genetic mutations, such as oncogene activation (EGFR, KRAS) and loss of tumor suppressor genes, drive uncontrolled cell division.
- Occupational exposures (asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, ionizing radiation) and air pollution (PM2.5) increase risk.
- Other factors such as family history and genetic predispositions also impact likelihood.
Pathophysiology
- Lung cancer development is complex, involving multiple mutations transforming normal epithelial cells into malignant ones.
- Oncogene activation (EGFR, KRAS) and loss of tumor suppressor genes (p53, RB1) are critical drivers of uncontrolled cell growth.
- Cancer cell growth is associated with evasion of apoptosis (cell death), leading to immortalization.
Types of Lung Cancer
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Starts in the central bronchi, grows slowly, and can cause airway obstruction (non-productive cough or hemoptysis).
- Adenocarcinoma: Originates in peripheral lung tissue, often linked to EGFR mutations (common in non-smokers), and tends to spread early.
- Large Cell Carcinoma: Composed of undifferentiated cells, arises centrally, progresses rapidly, and typically has a poor prognosis.
- Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): Arises from neuroendocrine cells, spreads quickly, and often associated with paraneoplastic syndromes like SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) and Cushing's syndrome.
Disease Transmission
- Lung cancer is not contagious; it cannot be transmitted between people.
- Risk factors like secondhand smoke increase susceptibility, but transmission is not comparable to infectious diseases.
Risk Factors
- Modifiable: Smoking (leading cause, 80-90% of cases), secondhand smoke, occupational hazards (asbestos, arsenic, ionizing radiation), air pollution (PM2.5), and radon exposure.
- Non-modifiable: Age, genetic predisposition (mutations in p53, CYP1A1), and family history.
Clinical Features
- Symptoms depend on the type and stage: Cough (often persistent, non-productive), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), shortness of breath (dyspnea), weight loss.
- Paraneoplastic syndromes are seen with SCLC; these are diseases that occur due to lung cancer, such as SIADH and Cushing's syndrome, and the Eaton-Lambert syndrome.
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of lung cancer, including its types, major causes, and the role of genetic mutations in its development. This quiz also delves into the pathophysiology of lung cancer and discusses environmental factors affecting risk. Test your knowledge on this deadly disease and its implications.
