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Questions and Answers
What characteristic color change occurs in cartilage fibers when there are more proteoglycans in the matrix?
What characteristic color change occurs in cartilage fibers when there are more proteoglycans in the matrix?
Which matrix is found furthest away from the cell families in cartilage?
Which matrix is found furthest away from the cell families in cartilage?
What is a characteristic of elastic cartilage compared to hyaline cartilage?
What is a characteristic of elastic cartilage compared to hyaline cartilage?
What type of collagen is primarily found in elastic cartilage?
What type of collagen is primarily found in elastic cartilage?
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What happens to the proteoglycan content in cartilage as it ages?
What happens to the proteoglycan content in cartilage as it ages?
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What is the primary function of elastic fibers in elastic cartilage?
What is the primary function of elastic fibers in elastic cartilage?
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In which type of cartilage is elastic fiber most prominent?
In which type of cartilage is elastic fiber most prominent?
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What is the primary structural role of cartilage in the fetus?
What is the primary structural role of cartilage in the fetus?
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Which staining technique is effective for visualizing elastic fibers?
Which staining technique is effective for visualizing elastic fibers?
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What happens to the epiphyseal plate as a child reaches maximum height?
What happens to the epiphyseal plate as a child reaches maximum height?
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Which of the following structures contains elastic cartilage?
Which of the following structures contains elastic cartilage?
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What visual characteristic distinguishes elastic cartilage under H&E staining?
What visual characteristic distinguishes elastic cartilage under H&E staining?
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What occurs in the area of fatty degeneration within elastic cartilage?
What occurs in the area of fatty degeneration within elastic cartilage?
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What is the primary function of chondrocytes in cartilage?
What is the primary function of chondrocytes in cartilage?
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Which characteristic indicates that young cartilage is active in protein synthesis?
Which characteristic indicates that young cartilage is active in protein synthesis?
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What happens to the Golgi apparatus as cartilage matures and becomes less active?
What happens to the Golgi apparatus as cartilage matures and becomes less active?
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What is one of the distinguishing features of young growing cartilage?
What is one of the distinguishing features of young growing cartilage?
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In the context of cartilage, what does the term 'lacuna' refer to?
In the context of cartilage, what does the term 'lacuna' refer to?
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What type of groups do older cartilage cells form?
What type of groups do older cartilage cells form?
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The term 'viscoelasticity' in cartilage signifies what property?
The term 'viscoelasticity' in cartilage signifies what property?
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Which of the following is a major component of cartilage's extracellular matrix?
Which of the following is a major component of cartilage's extracellular matrix?
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What is primarily responsible for the thickening of bones in the metaphysis?
What is primarily responsible for the thickening of bones in the metaphysis?
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What is a consequence of hypersecretion of growth hormone in growing individuals?
What is a consequence of hypersecretion of growth hormone in growing individuals?
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Which cells line the bone matrix in the metaphysis?
Which cells line the bone matrix in the metaphysis?
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What is the effect of hyposecretion of growth hormone on bone growth?
What is the effect of hyposecretion of growth hormone on bone growth?
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What is the role of osteoclasts in the metaphysis?
What is the role of osteoclasts in the metaphysis?
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Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal closure can lead to which condition?
Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal closure can lead to which condition?
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Which factor is identified as the basic element in osteogenesis?
Which factor is identified as the basic element in osteogenesis?
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What is the primary effect of somatotrophic hormone on bones?
What is the primary effect of somatotrophic hormone on bones?
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What is the main function of circumferential lamellae in long bones?
What is the main function of circumferential lamellae in long bones?
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What is the primary composition of the inorganic matrix of bone?
What is the primary composition of the inorganic matrix of bone?
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What distinguishes a Volkmann canal from a Haversian canal?
What distinguishes a Volkmann canal from a Haversian canal?
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Where are osteocytes located?
Where are osteocytes located?
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What do canaliculi do in bone structure?
What do canaliculi do in bone structure?
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What type of collagen predominates in the organic part of the bone matrix?
What type of collagen predominates in the organic part of the bone matrix?
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What role do cementing lines play in the structure of bone?
What role do cementing lines play in the structure of bone?
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What is the characteristic of the Haversian canal compared to the Volkmann canal?
What is the characteristic of the Haversian canal compared to the Volkmann canal?
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What is a key characteristic of cartilage?
What is a key characteristic of cartilage?
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Which part of the bone is primarily solid and includes microscopic canals?
Which part of the bone is primarily solid and includes microscopic canals?
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In what type of bone is the arrangement of cells more unorganized?
In what type of bone is the arrangement of cells more unorganized?
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What role do osteoblasts play in bone formation?
What role do osteoblasts play in bone formation?
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What is the significance of the perichondrium in cartilage repair?
What is the significance of the perichondrium in cartilage repair?
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Which cell type gives rise to osteoblasts?
Which cell type gives rise to osteoblasts?
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Which characteristic describes trabecular bone?
Which characteristic describes trabecular bone?
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Which feature is associated with mature bone?
Which feature is associated with mature bone?
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Study Notes
Cartilage and Bone
- Cartilage and bone are specialized connective tissues
- Cartilage has extracellular matrix crucial for chondrocyte survival
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and fibers are present in the matrix in specific ratios
- Skeletal material in embryos is primarily hyaline cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone during fetal development
- Hyaline cartilage provides resilience and pliability
Types of Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage: Provides resilience and pliability, chondrocytes are large and spherical. Chondrocytes appear either singly or in groups (isogenous groups). The extracellular matrix is mostly homogeneous and basophilic.
- Elastic Cartilage: Provides elasticity in addition to resilience and pliability. Chondrocytes are similar to hyaline, but cells are larger, and there are more isogenous groups (2-4). Elastic fibers are present.
- Fibrocartilage: Provides flexible support for soft tissues, resists deformation under stress, and acts as a shock absorber. This dense connective tissue and hyaline connective tissue. Cell density high. Extracellular matrix is sparse.
Characteristics of Cartilage
- Avascular: Cartilage lacks blood vessels
- Tissue receives nutrients from neighboring tissues
- No lymphatics (lymphatic vessels)
- No innervations (nerve supply)
- Viscoelastic: A characteristic supportive tissue due to the meshwork of collagen and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix.
Cartilage Growth
- Appositional growth: Cartilage is added to the surface by chondroblasts from the perichondrium.
- Interstitial growth: Chondrocytes divide and produce new matrix within the cartilage.
Bone
- Functions: Protects vital organs, provides internal support, stores calcium and phosphate, and provides attachment for muscles and tendons.
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Classification by Shape:
- Short Bones: Carpal and tarsal bones
- Irregular Bones: Vertebrae
- Flat Bones: Skull, sternum
- Sesamoid Bones: Patella
- Long Bones: Fingers, thumb, arms, legs
Bone Microscopic Appearance
- Compact Bone: Solid except for microscopic canals.
- Spongy Bone: Contains branching and anastomosing bars, plates, and tubes of trabeculae (support beams).
Bone Components
- Osteoprogenitor cells: Give rise to osteoblasts
- Osteoblasts: Secretes bone matrix, calcifies the matrix; cuboidal or polygonal in shape
- Bone-lining cells: Surround bone matrix; maintains and supports osteocytes
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells, embedded within bone matrix in lacunae containing canaliculi, and surrounded by bone matrix
- Osteoclasts: Multinucleated cells that resorb bone.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of cartilage and bone as specialized connective tissues. It highlights the different types of cartilage, focusing on hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, as well as their characteristics and functions in the body. Test your knowledge on the structure and roles of these essential tissues!
