Cartilage and Bone Types Overview
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic color change occurs in cartilage fibers when there are more proteoglycans in the matrix?

  • The fibers become transparent
  • The fibers turn purple
  • The fibers become basophilic (correct)
  • The fibers remain acidophilic

Which matrix is found furthest away from the cell families in cartilage?

  • Territorial matrix
  • Interterritorial matrix (correct)
  • Pericellular matrix
  • Capsular matrix

What is a characteristic of elastic cartilage compared to hyaline cartilage?

  • It lacks a perichondrium
  • It has larger cells than hyaline (correct)
  • It has similar fiber composition
  • It contains more isogenous groups

What type of collagen is primarily found in elastic cartilage?

<p>Type II collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the proteoglycan content in cartilage as it ages?

<p>It decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of elastic fibers in elastic cartilage?

<p>To offer flexibility and resilience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cartilage is elastic fiber most prominent?

<p>Elastic cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural role of cartilage in the fetus?

<p>To serve as a flexible skeleton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which staining technique is effective for visualizing elastic fibers?

<p>Resorcin-fuchsin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the epiphyseal plate as a child reaches maximum height?

<p>It closes completely (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures contains elastic cartilage?

<p>Nasal cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual characteristic distinguishes elastic cartilage under H&E staining?

<p>Pale staining with refracted light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the area of fatty degeneration within elastic cartilage?

<p>It indicates a breakdown in cartilage structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chondrocytes in cartilage?

<p>Producing matrix collagen and glycosaminoglycans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic indicates that young cartilage is active in protein synthesis?

<p>Basophilic cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Golgi apparatus as cartilage matures and becomes less active?

<p>It diminishes in size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the distinguishing features of young growing cartilage?

<p>Basophilic cytoplasm with homogeneous appearance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cartilage, what does the term 'lacuna' refer to?

<p>Spaces that chondrocytes occupy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of groups do older cartilage cells form?

<p>Isogenous groups of 4-8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'viscoelasticity' in cartilage signifies what property?

<p>Ability to deform and return to original shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major component of cartilage's extracellular matrix?

<p>Collagen and proteoglycans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the thickening of bones in the metaphysis?

<p>Lack of compensatory resorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of hypersecretion of growth hormone in growing individuals?

<p>It results in gigantism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells line the bone matrix in the metaphysis?

<p>Osteoblasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyposecretion of growth hormone on bone growth?

<p>It leads to dwarfism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoclasts in the metaphysis?

<p>To facilitate bone resorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal closure can lead to which condition?

<p>Acromegaly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is identified as the basic element in osteogenesis?

<p>Genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of somatotrophic hormone on bones?

<p>It promotes bone formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of circumferential lamellae in long bones?

<p>To provide structural support along the entire circumference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the inorganic matrix of bone?

<p>Hydroxyapatite crystals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a Volkmann canal from a Haversian canal?

<p>Volkmann canals connect Haversian canals and other osteons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are osteocytes located?

<p>In lacunae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do canaliculi do in bone structure?

<p>Connect lacunae to Haversian canals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of collagen predominates in the organic part of the bone matrix?

<p>Type 1 collagen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cementing lines play in the structure of bone?

<p>They form the boundary of an osteon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the Haversian canal compared to the Volkmann canal?

<p>Haversian canals are surrounded by lamellae, whereas Volkmann canals are not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of cartilage?

<p>It has immobile chondrocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the bone is primarily solid and includes microscopic canals?

<p>Compact bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of bone is the arrangement of cells more unorganized?

<p>Woven bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoblasts play in bone formation?

<p>They secrete and calcify bone matrix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the perichondrium in cartilage repair?

<p>It has an inner chondrogenic layer for repair. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type gives rise to osteoblasts?

<p>Osteoprogenitor cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes trabecular bone?

<p>It consists of branching and anastomosing bars. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with mature bone?

<p>It has organized lamellar arrangement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell families in cartilage

A group of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) clustered together in cartilage. They are also known as isogenous groups.

Ground substance in cartilage

The substance surrounding cartilage cells, rich in proteoglycans, giving it a basophilic staining property.

Capsular/Pericellular territory

A region in cartilage surrounding chondrocytes, characterized by a high concentration of proteoglycans.

Territorial matrix

A region in cartilage near isogenous groups, with a higher concentration of proteoglycans than the interterritorial matrix.

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Interterritorial matrix

A region in cartilage located away from cell families, containing fewer proteoglycans and exhibiting a more acidic staining property.

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Viscoelasticity

The ability of a material to deform under stress and then return to its original shape after the stress is removed.

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Hyaline Cartilage

A type of connective tissue that is found in many parts of the body, including the joints, nose, and trachea. It is characterized by its smooth, glassy appearance and its ability to resist compression.

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Chondrocytes

The cells that make up cartilage. They synthesize and secrete the extracellular matrix that gives cartilage its unique properties.

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Lacunae

Small spaces within the cartilage matrix where chondrocytes reside.

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Matrix

The material that surrounds chondrocytes in cartilage. It is made up of collagen fibers and proteoglycans.

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Ground Substance

The gel-like substance that fills the spaces between collagen fibers in the cartilage matrix. It is responsible for the cartilage's ability to resist compression.

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Basophilia

A characteristic of the ground substance in cartilage that makes it appear purple-blue under a microscope due to the presence of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate.

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Less Basophilia

The Golgi apparatus in chondrocytes appears less active and smaller in size due to reduced protein synthesis in older cartilage.

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Metaphysis

The region in a long bone where bone growth occurs, located between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

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Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for building new bone tissue.

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Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone tissue, playing a role in bone remodeling.

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Epiphyseal Disk

The layer of cartilage that separates the epiphysis from the metaphysis, responsible for longitudinal bone growth.

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Ossification

The process of bone formation.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland, essential for growth and development.

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Gigantism

A condition characterized by excessive growth due to hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty.

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Acromegaly

A condition characterized by excessive growth of bones in adulthood due to hypersecretion of growth hormone.

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Haversian Canal

A central channel within an osteon (Haversian system) that contains blood vessels and nerves.

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Haversian Lamellae

Concentric layers of bone matrix that surround the Haversian canal.

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Cementing Line

A thin, refractile structure that forms the boundary of an osteon.

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Osteocytes

Bone cells embedded within lacunae (spaces) in the bone matrix.

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Canaliculi

Tiny canals that radiate from lacunae, containing extensions of osteocytes.

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Volkmann Canal

Transverse or oblique channels that connect Haversian canals (osteons) to each other and the bone marrow cavity.

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Type 1 Collagen

The main component of the organic matrix of bone, providing flexibility and strength.

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Compact Bone

A type of bone tissue that is dense and strong, found in the shaft of long bones.

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Elastic Cartilage

A type of cartilage that contains a network of elastic fibers, giving it flexibility and resilience. It's found in structures that need to bend and return to their original shape, like the ear and epiglottis.

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Chondroblasts

Special cells responsible for producing the matrix of elastic cartilage, contributing to its flexible properties.

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Perichondrium

A tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds elastic cartilage, providing support and nourishment.

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Degeneration of Elastic Cartilage

The process where elastic cartilage deteriorates, often appearing similar to adipose (fat) tissue.

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Resorcin-fuchsin and Orcein

A specialized stain used to highlight elastic fibers, making them easily visible under a microscope.

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Fetal Hyaline Cartilage

Found in the embryonic stage, it serves as the skeleton of the developing fetus. It gradually transforms into bone, leaving behind remnants as the epiphyseal plate.

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Epiphyseal Plate

The growth plate found in long bones of growing children, a remnant of the fetal hyaline cartilage. It closes when a person reaches their full height.

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What is cartilage?

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that lacks blood vessels and is resistant to compression. This unique property allows it to provide support and cushioning in joints.

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What are chondrocytes?

Chondrocytes are specialized cells that produce and maintain the cartilage matrix. They are immobile and have limited ability to divide, which means that cartilage has a slow healing rate.

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How does cartilage repair itself?

Cartilage is a resilient tissue but does not have the ability to repair itself easily. This is because chondrocytes are immobile and have limited regenerative capacity. If damage occurs, repair can occur only with the involvement of the perichondrium, a layer of tissue surrounding the cartilage.

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What is compact bone?

Compact bone is dense and solid, forming the outer layer of bones. It is characterized by its microscopic canals that house blood vessels and nerves.

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What is spongy bone?

Spongy bone, also called cancellous bone, has a porous structure with interconnected spaces filled with bone marrow. It is found within the interior of bones, particularly at the ends of long bones.

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What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Osteoprogenitor cells are the precursor cells that give rise to osteoblasts. These cells have the ability to divide and differentiate into bone-forming cells.

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What are osteoblasts?

Osteoblasts are responsible for synthesizing and depositing the bone matrix, a process known as 'osteogenesis'. They also play a vital role in calcifying the matrix.

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What is immature bone?

Immature bone, also called woven bone, is characterized by its disorganized structure with many cells and a high amount of ground substance. It is typically found in the fetal skeleton and during bone fracture healing.

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Study Notes

Cartilage and Bone

  • Cartilage and bone are specialized connective tissues
  • Cartilage has extracellular matrix crucial for chondrocyte survival
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and fibers are present in the matrix in specific ratios
  • Skeletal material in embryos is primarily hyaline cartilage
  • Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone during fetal development
  • Hyaline cartilage provides resilience and pliability

Types of Cartilage

  • Hyaline Cartilage: Provides resilience and pliability, chondrocytes are large and spherical. Chondrocytes appear either singly or in groups (isogenous groups). The extracellular matrix is mostly homogeneous and basophilic.
  • Elastic Cartilage: Provides elasticity in addition to resilience and pliability. Chondrocytes are similar to hyaline, but cells are larger, and there are more isogenous groups (2-4). Elastic fibers are present.
  • Fibrocartilage: Provides flexible support for soft tissues, resists deformation under stress, and acts as a shock absorber. This dense connective tissue and hyaline connective tissue. Cell density high. Extracellular matrix is sparse.

Characteristics of Cartilage

  • Avascular: Cartilage lacks blood vessels
  • Tissue receives nutrients from neighboring tissues
  • No lymphatics (lymphatic vessels)
  • No innervations (nerve supply)
  • Viscoelastic: A characteristic supportive tissue due to the meshwork of collagen and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix.

Cartilage Growth

  • Appositional growth: Cartilage is added to the surface by chondroblasts from the perichondrium.
  • Interstitial growth: Chondrocytes divide and produce new matrix within the cartilage.

Bone

  • Functions: Protects vital organs, provides internal support, stores calcium and phosphate, and provides attachment for muscles and tendons.
  • Classification by Shape:
    • Short Bones: Carpal and tarsal bones
    • Irregular Bones: Vertebrae
    • Flat Bones: Skull, sternum
    • Sesamoid Bones: Patella
    • Long Bones: Fingers, thumb, arms, legs

Bone Microscopic Appearance

  • Compact Bone: Solid except for microscopic canals.
  • Spongy Bone: Contains branching and anastomosing bars, plates, and tubes of trabeculae (support beams).

Bone Components

  • Osteoprogenitor cells: Give rise to osteoblasts
  • Osteoblasts: Secretes bone matrix, calcifies the matrix; cuboidal or polygonal in shape
  • Bone-lining cells: Surround bone matrix; maintains and supports osteocytes
  • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells, embedded within bone matrix in lacunae containing canaliculi, and surrounded by bone matrix
  • Osteoclasts: Multinucleated cells that resorb bone.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of cartilage and bone as specialized connective tissues. It highlights the different types of cartilage, focusing on hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, as well as their characteristics and functions in the body. Test your knowledge on the structure and roles of these essential tissues!

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