Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term describes the link between changes in mechanical environment and the cell’s response?
What term describes the link between changes in mechanical environment and the cell’s response?
- Cytomechanics
- Mechanotransduction (correct)
- Homeostasis
- Intercellular signaling
What occurs to the synthesis and breakdown of cartilage matrix under conditions of greater loading?
What occurs to the synthesis and breakdown of cartilage matrix under conditions of greater loading?
- Breakdown = no change
- Synthesis < breakdown
- Synthesis > breakdown (correct)
- Synthesis = breakdown
Which loading condition is known to depress cartilage matrix synthesis?
Which loading condition is known to depress cartilage matrix synthesis?
- Static load (correct)
- Dynamic load
- Low fluid flow
- High hydrostatic pressure
What is a consequence of excessive loading on cartilage?
What is a consequence of excessive loading on cartilage?
What is the overall impact of loading connective tissue within physiological limits on cartilage health?
What is the overall impact of loading connective tissue within physiological limits on cartilage health?
What does mechanotransduction in connective tissues primarily involve?
What does mechanotransduction in connective tissues primarily involve?
What is a potential consequence of low elastin content in connective tissues?
What is a potential consequence of low elastin content in connective tissues?
Which condition is characterized by a vitamin C deficiency affecting the extracellular matrix?
Which condition is characterized by a vitamin C deficiency affecting the extracellular matrix?
What is a likely result of impaired collagen type IX in cartilage?
What is a likely result of impaired collagen type IX in cartilage?
What condition involves bone deformities due to mutations in collagen genes?
What condition involves bone deformities due to mutations in collagen genes?
What role does vitamin C play in collagen synthesis?
What role does vitamin C play in collagen synthesis?
What is a significant factor influencing the synthesis of load-bearing extracellular matrix?
What is a significant factor influencing the synthesis of load-bearing extracellular matrix?
What can excessive pressure on tissues with low collagen content lead to?
What can excessive pressure on tissues with low collagen content lead to?
What is the primary role of chondrocytes in connective tissue?
What is the primary role of chondrocytes in connective tissue?
How does mechanotransduction impact the behavior of chondrocytes?
How does mechanotransduction impact the behavior of chondrocytes?
What adaptation of connective tissue occurs in response to increased mechanical load?
What adaptation of connective tissue occurs in response to increased mechanical load?
Which statement about cartilage health is TRUE?
Which statement about cartilage health is TRUE?
What characterizes the collagen fibers in tendons?
What characterizes the collagen fibers in tendons?
How do fibroblasts in ligaments differ from those in tendons?
How do fibroblasts in ligaments differ from those in tendons?
What is the function of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?
What is the function of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?
Which connective tissue primarily functions to stabilize joints?
Which connective tissue primarily functions to stabilize joints?
Flashcards
Cartilage health and loading
Cartilage health and loading
Cartilage health depends on the balance between matrix synthesis and breakdown, and normal dynamic loading maintains this balance.
Static vs. Dynamic Loading
Static vs. Dynamic Loading
Static loads depress synthesis in chondrocytes, while dynamic loads stimulate synthesis. Fluid flow and ionic composition relate to static loads, while high hydrostatic pressure relates to dynamic loads.
Mechanotransduction
Mechanotransduction
The process where mechanical changes in the cell's environment cause a cellular response.
Excessive loading on cartilage
Excessive loading on cartilage
Excessively high loads, beyond physiological limits, can lead to permanent damage because Breakdown >> synthesis
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Chondrocyte control
Chondrocyte control
Chondrocytes control matrix synthesis and breakdown of connective tissues, specifically cartilage, by sensing and responding to mechanical loads.
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Scurvy cause
Scurvy cause
A disorder of connective tissue due to Vitamin C deficiency.
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Scurvy symptoms
Scurvy symptoms
Poor wound healing, hair/tooth loss, capillary weakness, stunted growth, potential fatal infections/bleeding.
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Vitamin C's role
Vitamin C's role
A key factor for collagen hydroxylation in connective tissue.
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Genetic disorder causing brittle bones and early fractures (Brittle Bone Disease).
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Collagen Type I relation
Collagen Type I relation
Osteogenesis Imperfecta often involves mutations in the gene responsible for collagen type I.
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Connective Tissue Impact
Connective Tissue Impact
Connective tissue cells are affected by physical signals (mechano-transduction) and produce appropriate extracellular matrix.
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Connective Tissue Damage
Connective Tissue Damage
Excessive strain/pressure can cause various connective tissue problems like tendinitis/tenosynovitis and avulsions/sprains.
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Scar Tissue Flexibility
Scar Tissue Flexibility
Scar tissue has reduced flexibility, impacting its ability to function.
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Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes
The only cells residing in hyaline cartilage, responsible for creating and breaking down the extracellular matrix (ECM).
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Chondrocyte function
Chondrocyte function
Responsible for ECM synthesis and breakdown in cartilage. They also produce growth factors and enzymes.
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Skeletally mature healthy cartilage
Skeletally mature healthy cartilage
In this cartilage, there is no chondrocyte division; chondrocytes do not reproduce.
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Tendon
Tendon
Fibrous tissue connecting skeletal muscle to bone.
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Ligament
Ligament
Connective tissue connecting bones or cartilage, stabilizing joints.
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Tendon structure
Tendon structure
Organized fibroblasts in parallel rows and predominantly type I collagen.
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Ligament structure
Ligament structure
Fibroblasts are scattered, with weaving collagen fibers (mostly type I, some type III).
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Chondrocyte proliferation & Osteoarthritis
Chondrocyte proliferation & Osteoarthritis
Chondrocyte reproduction primarily happens in advanced osteoarthritis, not in regular or healthy cartilage.
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Cells of Connective Tissue
- Cartilage is classified into three types:
- Hyaline (articular) cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Each type has specific functions and locations
- Cartilage structure and cells are described.
- Physiological mechanical load is crucial for connective tissue health.
- Hyaline cartilage adapts to withstand mechanical load to provide low-friction movement in joints.
- Ligaments and tendons are different.
- Disorders affecting connective tissue ECM include osteoarthritis, scurvy, and osteogenesis imperfecta.
Types of Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage:
- Found on articular surfaces of movable joints.
- Has a glassy, smooth appearance, and low friction
- Resists compressive and tensile forces, but no elasticity
- Spread loads over bone ends
- Primarily collagen (basketweave).
- Fibrocartilage:
- Found in intervertebral discs and menisci
- Supports structures, prevents bone-to-bone contact.
- Withstands tensile and compressive forces
- Collagen fibers are thick and parallel.
- Elastic Cartilage:
- Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastin.
- Allows for flexible structure (auricle of ear, epiglottis)
Other Information
- Type II and Type IX collagen are mentioned in pictures and diagrams.
- Chondrocytes are the resident cells of hyaline cartilage
- Matrix synthesis and breakdown is controlled by chondrocytes
- Mechanical stress affects biological properties of tissues
- Load on chondrocytes depends on if the load is static or dynamic.
- Fluid loss during physiological loading.
- Cartilage permeability changes with load and immobilization.
- Principal components of articular cartilage include collagens, proteoglycans, and fluid.
- Interstitial fluid is crucial to cartilage and is controlled by glycosaminoglycans.
- Turnover of articular cartilage is slow, and small changes have long-term consequences.
- Cartilage swelling is a first sign of osteoarthritis.
- Damage to collagen type IX may cause early OA in cartilage.
- A central role for chondrocytes in Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Scurvy is a disorder of connective tissues.
- Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) is related to genetic defects in collagen.
- Mosaicplasty is a surgical technique for repairing cartilage.
- Comparison between chondrocyte death from different methods (scalpel, acufeix)
- Simplified description of articular cartilage zones and their features.
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