Podcast
Questions and Answers
What initiates respiratory compensation for primary metabolic disorders?
What initiates respiratory compensation for primary metabolic disorders?
What occurs during a primary metabolic acidosis in the body?
What occurs during a primary metabolic acidosis in the body?
How long does the renal compensation for primary respiratory disorders typically take?
How long does the renal compensation for primary respiratory disorders typically take?
In primary respiratory acidosis, which of the following occurs in the kidneys?
In primary respiratory acidosis, which of the following occurs in the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the respiratory system in maintaining acid-base balance?
What is the role of the respiratory system in maintaining acid-base balance?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does a decrease in pH have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
What effect does a decrease in pH have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Signup and view all the answers
How does an increase in the temperature affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
How does an increase in the temperature affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Which condition is associated with an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of elevated levels of carbon dioxide on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity?
What is the primary effect of elevated levels of carbon dioxide on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of 2,3-BPG in red blood cells?
What is the role of 2,3-BPG in red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What form does haemoglobin take when it is deoxygenated?
What form does haemoglobin take when it is deoxygenated?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is true?
Which of the following statements about fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) decreases?
What happens to the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) decreases?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs to haemoglobin's structure when oxygen binds to it?
What occurs to haemoglobin's structure when oxygen binds to it?
Signup and view all the answers
At a partial pressure of 40 mmHg, what is the approximate saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen in systemic veins?
At a partial pressure of 40 mmHg, what is the approximate saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen in systemic veins?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to the right?
What causes the shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to the right?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen change in systemic veins compared to the lungs?
How does the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen change in systemic veins compared to the lungs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the saturation of haemoglobin?
What is the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the saturation of haemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen is expected in the alveoli at a partial pressure of 104 mmHg?
What percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen is expected in the alveoli at a partial pressure of 104 mmHg?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the bicarbonate buffer system play in the carriage of blood gases?
What role does the bicarbonate buffer system play in the carriage of blood gases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about oxygen transport and delivery is accurate?
Which statement about oxygen transport and delivery is accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of myoglobin in muscle tissues during exercise?
What is the primary role of myoglobin in muscle tissues during exercise?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
What is the main form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the bicarbonate ion primarily function as in the body?
What does the bicarbonate ion primarily function as in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to bicarbonate ions in the red blood cells during the transport of carbon dioxide?
What happens to bicarbonate ions in the red blood cells during the transport of carbon dioxide?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological process produces bicarbonate as a result of a reversible chemical reaction?
What physiological process produces bicarbonate as a result of a reversible chemical reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions can affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Which of the following conditions can affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of exhalation of carbon dioxide on bicarbonate levels in the body?
What is the effect of exhalation of carbon dioxide on bicarbonate levels in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Carriage of Blood Gases
- Blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Factors affecting oxygen carriage vary in different body areas.
- The bicarbonate buffer system is crucial.
Blood Gas Transport
- Lecture Outline:
- How oxygen is carried in the blood
- Factors affecting oxygen carriage and variations in body areas
- How carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
- Importance of the bicarbonate buffer system
Haemoglobin Structure
- Haemoglobin A molecule:
- Two alpha-globin chains (green)
- Two beta-globin chains (yellow)
- Each chain contains a haem-iron complex (blue)
Haemoglobin Oxygenation
- Deoxygenated (tense) form:
- Narrow crevice restricts oxygen access
- Oxygenated (relaxed) form:
- Oxygen binding causes shape change
- Widens crevice for easier oxygen access
Hb Saturation and Partial Pressure
- Relationship between Hb saturation and oxygen partial pressure is sigmoid.
- Alveoli (high oxygen): Hb is nearly 100% saturated.
- Systemic veins (low oxygen): Hb is about 77% saturated.
- Oxygen released from Hb in systemic veins for use in aerobic respiration.
- Systemic veins have lower oxygen affinity.
Effect of pH on Hb Affinity
- Lower pH (higher hydrogen ion concentration):
- Reduces Hb's affinity for oxygen.
- Curve shifts to the right
- More oxygen is released.
Effect of pCO2 on Hb Affinity
- Higher pCO2:
- Reduces Hb's affinity for oxygen
- Curve shifts to the right
- More oxygen is released
Effect of Temperature on Hb Affinity
- Higher temperature: reduces affinity
- Shifts curve to the right
- More oxygen is released
- Lower temperature: increases affinity
- Shifts the curve to the left.
Effect of 2,3 DPG on Hb Affinity
- 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) : three-carbon isomer of a glycolytic intermediate.
- Present in red blood cells at 5 mmol/L
- Binds to deoxygenated haemoglobin.
- Promotes oxygen release.
- 2,3-BPG increases within 1-2 hours in patients with chronic anaemia, then decreases with dialysis .
Foetal Hb Affinity for Oxygen
- Foetal haemoglobin (HbF) has higher oxygen affinity than the adult haemoglobin (HbA)
- Vital for oxygen transfer from the maternal blood supply.
Transfer of Oxygen to Tissues
- Myoglobin:
- Higher oxygen affinity than haemoglobin.
- Can accept and release oxygen depending on the needed amount.
CO2 Transport in Blood
- CO2 is a waste product of metabolism.
- Transported to lungs for excretion.
- Bicarbonate is the most significant form.
- Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid (H2CO3), which, in turn, dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+).
Bicarbonate Ion Importance
- Crucial buffer system in the body.
- Absorbs or releases hydrogen ions to regulate pH.
- Maintains constant hydrogen ion concentration, which affects:
- Hb's affinity to oxygen
- Enzyme reaction rates
- Ionisation states of numerous substances.
Metabolic and Respiratory Disorders
- Metabolic and Respiratory processes affect bicarbonate and pCO2.
- Changes in ventilation compensate for metabolic disorders.
- Renal excretion of acid compensates for respiratory disorders.
- In primary acid-base disorders the underlying condition is identified by examining the pH, pCO2 and bicarbonate.
Learning Outcomes
- Students will demonstrate the physiological process of respiration and its nervous system control.
- Students will demonstrate the significance of maintaining normal acid-base balance within the body, and the respiratory system's role in it.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the intricacies of how blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, focusing on haemoglobin's structure and function. This quiz covers essential aspects such as the factors affecting oxygen carriage, the importance of the bicarbonate buffer system, and the unique oxygenation properties of haemoglobin. Test your knowledge on these vital physiological processes.
